18: Global conservation

Question 1

Economic vs sustainable development

Answer 1

E: improved efficiency, distribution of resources. Economic growth. Indefinity growth

S: Resource use limited by availability

Question 2

Quantitative sustainable development

Answer 2

Triple bottom line, full-cost accounting
e.g. net zero energy consumption

Question 3

What is natural capital? Externalities?

Answer 3

NC: total economic value of ecosystems and their services

E: costs that are outside the market system, born by all individuals

Economic development depletes NC and imposes E

Question 4

The social cost of externalities are disproportionately paid by…

Answer 4

• less powerful individuals
• less powerful countries
• future generations

Question 5

What are social-ecological systems

Answer 5

Link systems of people and nature
Humans are a part of nature

Question 5

What is the triple bottom line

Answer 5

Bottom line of social, economic and environmental costs

Question 5

People use more resources where…

Answer 5

• humans have higher consumptive lifestyles
• there are a lot of people

Question 6

What is the per capita consumption of natural capital

Answer 6

Ecological footprint

Question 7

The ecological footprint measures ____________________ compared to __________________

Answer 7

How fast we consume resources and generate waste compared to how fast nature can absorb our waste and generate new resources

Question 8

Top two countries with the highest ecological footprint

Answer 8

United Arab Emirates
Qatar

Question 9

Local/regional approaches to sustainability

Answer 9

• regulations
• protected areas
• incentives for conservation

Question 10

National approaches to sustainability

Answer 10

• Acts (SARA)
• National PA’s

Question 11

How is conservation funded in developing countries

Answer 11

National governments and private donations give money to the World Bank, INGO’s (WWO)

Environmental trust funds
Debt-for-nature swap

Question 12

What are debt-for-nature swaps

Answer 12

Environmental organizations will fundraise and buy a countries debt from the world bank, then say they will forgive the debt in exchange for the country carrying out conservation action

Question 13

Four criteria for conservation programs *** (four C’s)

Answer 13

• Concern: donors and recipients both want to solve the problem
• Contracts: fair contracts made and enforced
• Capacity: enough facilities, people, skills and equipment to achieve intended result
• Causes: original cause of the conservation problem is addressed

Question 14

Reactive vs proactive conservation

Answer 14

Reactive: treat current symptoms; creates unsustainable conservation traps

Proactive: remove creation of current symptoms

Question 15

What is rewilding?

Answer 15

Progressive approach to conservation. Letting nature take care of its self, enabling natural processes to shape land and sea, repair damaged ecosystems

Question 16

Agenda 21 linked environmental problems to…

Answer 16

child welfare, poverty, gender issues, technology transfer, wealth inequity

Question 17

Active adaptive management treats conservation action as what?

Answer 17

As a series of experiments

Question 18

What is “new conservation”?

Answer 18

Promotes economic development, poverty alleviation as substitutes for endangered species listing, PA’s