Verbal behavior is ___ in the brain
lateralized
What does damage to the left hemisphere of cerebral cortex disrupt?
Language abilities
What does damage to the right hemisphere of cerebral cortex disrupt?
Very little deficits in language
Which hemisphere is language dominant in 90% of people?
Left (94% of right-handed people + 70% of left-handed people)
Is there a correlation between handedness and a language dominant left/right hemisphere?
A little: right side language dominance more perceptive of prosody and quicker to understand metaphors - more common in left-handed people
What is prosody?
Rhythm, stress, and intonation in speech that convey meaning beyond literal words
Which hemisphere is prosody a function of?
Right - people with damage in left hemisphere have deficits in language comprehension BUT can still extract info from prosody
Which hemisphere is voice recognition a function of?
Right - people can recognize people from their voices despite not understanding the words spoken
What is phonagnosia?
Deficit in recognizing voices
- Associated with damage to auditory association cortex in right cerebral hemisphere
What is aphasia?
Disturbance in understanding, repeating, or producing meaningful speech
- Caused by damage in left cerebral hemisphere - damage to middle cerebral artery
What is unique about aphasia?
It can only be studied in humans since it is uniquely human
What happens when the frontal lobe (anterior) is damaged?
Deficits in speaking and writing
What are the symptoms of damage to the frontal lobe (anterior)
- Broca’s aphasia
- Expressive aphasia
- Non-fluent aphasia
- Anterior aphasia
- Motor aphasia
What happens when the sensory association cortex (posterior) is damaged?
Deficits in language comprehension (forget meaning of words)
What are the symptoms of damage to sensory association cortex (posterior)?
- Wernicke’s aphasia
- Receptive aphasia
- Fluent aphasia
- Posterior aphasia
-Sensory aphasia
What is the Broca’s area involved in?
Speech production, located in left inferior frontal lobe
What does damage to the Broca’s area result in?
Difficulty expressing themselves verbally
- Characterized by slow, laborious, non-fluent speech
- People are perceived as being less intelligent despite intelligence not typically affected
What is Broca’s aphasia?
Difficulty turning thoughts into grammatically structured sentences and coming up with context words that convey meaning
What is agrammatism?
Feature of Broca’s aphasia involving difficulty comprehending and using grammatical devices (like being able to conjugate verbs)
What does word comprehension include?
Vision, auditory, touch, olfaction, gustatory, motor
What is posterior language area?
The connection between symbols and actual experience
What does tapping into posterior language area do?
Bring up neural network associated with the symbols
What is posterior language area critical to?
Language comprehension
What is the “auto-pilot” feature of language networks?
It’s all connected to itself so it can “auto-pilot” read something without paying attention and understanding it - doesn’t tap into the comprehension aspect
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9. Vision 143
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10. Vision 252
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11. Hearing & Vestibular Systems41
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12. Touch, Taste, and Smell37
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13. Hunger and Thirst46
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14. Sex42
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15. Sleep35
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16. Cellular Learning and Memory25
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Quiz 246
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17. Types of Learning and Memory84
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18. Language41
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19. Emotions43
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20. Genetic Predispositions34
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21. Schizophrenia & Autism46
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22. Neurological Problems66
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23. Mood Disorders & Neurodegenerative Disease62
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24. Stress, Anxiety, OCD, Addiction, ADHD45
