Neuro Final > 18. Limbic System > Flashcards

18. Limbic System Flashcards

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1
Q

Limbic system functions

A

H - homeostatic functions, autonomic and neuroendocrine control
O - olfaction
M - memory
E - emotions and drives

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2
Q

Limbic cortex/lobe structures

A
  • Cingulate gyrus
  • Parahippocampal gyrus
  • Uncus
  • Medial orbitofrontal gyrus
  • Temporal pole
  • Anterior insular cortex
  • Hippocampal formation
  • Amygdala
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3
Q

What is the route of olfaction?

A
  • Olfactory n receptors
  • Olfacotry bulb thru cribiform plate
  • Olfactory tract
  • Primary olfactory cortex to temporal pole
  • Amygdala
  • Olfactory tubercle inside anterior perforated susbtance
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4
Q

what are the 3 types of memory?

A
  1. working
  2. declarative
  3. procedural
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5
Q

which type of memory handles short term storage and handling of information AND is goal relevant?

A

working memory

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6
Q

which type of memory is needed for language, problem solving, mental wayfinding, and reasoning?

A

working memory

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7
Q

which type of memory is required for complex mental multi-tasking and is impt for cognition?

A

working memory

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8
Q

What are the cortical areas for working memory?

A
  • Lateral prefrontal cortex
  • Temporoparietal association cortex
    *White matter tracts connecting these areas
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9
Q

which type of memory can be verbalized AKA explicit memory?

A

declarative memory

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10
Q

What lobe recognizes memory for longer term storage BUT doesn’t store these memories?

A

Medial temporal lobe

for declarative memory

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11
Q

what are the 3 stages of declarative memory?

A
  1. Encoding
  2. Consolidation
  3. Retrieval
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12
Q

What does stage 1: Encoding consist of? (of declarative memory)

A
  • Processing info
  • enhanced by attentiveness, emotional arousal, tying new memory to others, reviewing
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13
Q

What does Stage 2: Consolidation consist of? (of declarative memory)

A
  • Stabilization of memories
    synaptic thru long term potentiation (min > hrs)
    synaptic thru med temporal lobe (min > decades)
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14
Q

Declarative memory starts in _____ selecting input perceived by ______ and then encoded into _____

A

Thalamus
Temporoparietal assoc cortex (TPAC)
Medial temporal lobe (MTL)

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15
Q

Medial temporal lobe includes…

A
  • Hippocampus - gray/white matter of gyrus
  • Part of fornix - connects hippocampus with mammillary body and thalamus
  • Parahippocampal gyrus
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16
Q

What cortical area has voluntary control over Medial Temporal Lobe in processing and organizing info for storage?

A

Lateral prefrontal cortex

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17
Q

LPFC:
_____ stored info
_____ content of language

A

Accesses stored info
Analyzes content of language

Note: for retrieval, it searches for and verifies encoded memories in MTL

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18
Q

< 12 years, what brain area is activated during recall of memories?

A

MTL
medial temporal lobe

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19
Q

13+ years, what brain area is activated during recall of memories?

A

Prefrontal, parietal, lateral temporal cortices

for longer term memory

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20
Q

What is episodic declarative memory?

A

Personal events/experiences

e.g. a story

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21
Q

What is semantic declarative memory?

A

Learned common knowledge not related to personal experiences

e.g. history, science

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22
Q

What type of memory is learning skills or habits, reasoning or logic, perceptual skills AKA implicit or nonconscious memory?

A

Procedural memory

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23
Q

When skill is _____, then less attention is needed to _____

A

When skill is learned, then less attention is needed to perform

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24
Q

What are the 3 stages of motor learning?

A
  1. Cognitive
  2. Associative
  3. Automatic
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25
What parts of the brain does learning a motor sequence include?
Motor and parietal cortices and striatum
26
Where 2 areas are learned movement sequence memory representations stored in?
1. Supplemental motor area 2. Putamen/globus pallidus
27
What do adjustments of movements involve?
Cerebellum Motor and parietal cortices
28
What is loss of declarative memory?
Amnesia
29
What is retrograde amnesia?
Loss of memory of events **prior** to illness/injury
30
What is anterograde amnesia?
Loss of memory of events **after** illness/injury Note: includes PTA (post-traumatic amnesia)
31
For patients with impaired memory, it is important to separate _______ from _______. Why?
Declarative Procedural To learn things subconsciously even with no conscious awareness of learning them
32
What is essential for the patient to encode info?
**Attention** - in order to form memories of new info
33
Cognitive screens?
Mini-Mental Status Exam (MMSE) MOntreal Cognitive Assessment (MOCA)
34
Temporal aspects of cognitive screens * Encoding registration to ______ recall * Attention/working memory * ______ memory (few min - short term memory) * ______ memory (long term memory)
Temporal aspects of cognitive screens * Encoding registration to **immediate** recall * Attention/working memory * **Recent** memory (few min - short term memory) * **Remote** memory (long term memory)
35
What does Goal Directed behavior include?
* Making a **goal** * Making a **plan** for how to reach the goal * **Executing** the plan * **Monitoring** how plan is working out
36
What cortical area is responsible for goal directed behavior including working memory, judgment, planning, reasoning, divided attention, and sequencing?
Lateral Prefrontal Cortex
37
Which cortical area (-) inhibits inappropriate behavior AND formulates ranges of possibilities/alternatives?
Lateral Prefrontal Cortex
38
Mood vs. Emotion
Mood: **enduring** subjective ongoing emotional experience Emotion: **short** term subjective experience
39
Emotions influence our _____ and _____
Perceptions Actions/responses Note: emotions can trigger immediate physiologic responses or subconscious processing of an experience or situation
40
What are the 6 structures involved with recognition, generation, and perception of emotions?
1. Amygdala 2. Area 25 3. Anterior insula 4. Medial prefrontal cortex 5. Ventral striatum 6. Thalamus
41
What does the amygdala do?
* Produces emotions of **fear**, **disgust** * Interprets social **signals** * Impt for social **behavior** and emotional **learning** * **Decision** making
42
What does Area 25/thalamus do for emotions?
Produces sad/depress :(
43
What does Anterior Insula do for emotions?
Awareness of feelings and internal stimuli
44
What is in the Emotion Loop?
Medial Prefrontal Cortex VS (ventral striatum) Thalamus (MPC and VS important for motivation) Note: for reward seeking behavior, finding pleasure (implicated in addictions)
45
**Automatic** regulation of emotions is ...
Subconscious, ignoring, leaving
46
**Voluntary** regulation of emotions is ...
Conscious, choosing to control emotions
47
Ventral prefrontal cortex includes what cortical area?
Orbital cortex (VM and VL prefrontal cortex)
48
Social behavior connects with regions regulating ____ and ____
mood and affect
49
Social behavior utilizes ____ and feelings to steer behaviors, inhibiting (-) _____ behaviors, and activates ____
Social behavior utilizes **rewards** and feelings to steer behaviors, inhibiting (-) **undesirable** behaviors, and activates **ANS**
50
what loop detects relevant from irrelevant behavior?
social behavior loop
51
what loop regulates self control
social behavior loop
52
what loop understands social disapproval
social behavior loop
53
social behavior loop:
Ventral prefrontal cortex Head of Caudate SNr Thalamus
54
Somatic marker hypothesis =
"gut feelings"
55
Emotion and social intelligence requires:
Ventral prefrontal cortex Amygdala Anterior insula
56
What is a disruption of homeostasis from changes in 3 systems: somatic, autonomic, neuroendocrine?
Stress Response
57
Somatic disruption in stress response
Motor neurons increase muscle tension
58
Autonomic nervous system in stress response
Sympathetic activity induces blood flow to muscles and reduces it to skin, GI tract, and kidneys
59
Neuroendocrine system in stress response
Sympathetic activity causes adrenal medulla to release **epinephrine** into blood to increase HR, BP, metabolic rate, and inhibits intestinal smooth muscle contractions
60
T/F: Stress response is always unhealthy if too prolonged/chronic
False can be healthy or unhealthy
61
Clinical Implications of disorders of **Limbic System**
* **Loss of goal directed behavior** and divergent thinking * **Apathy**, lack of emotion and insight * Emotional lability/**labile** effect * Impaired voluntary and/or automatic regulation of social behaviors
62
Signs or symptoms of disorders of limbic system
* Delusions * Hallucinations * Mania * Depression * Anxiety
63
Psychiatric Disorders examples
* Personality disorders * Anxiety disorders * Depression * autism spectrum disorders * bipolar disorder * schizophrenia
64
What part of the cortex does **extraversion**?
ventral prefrontal cortex
65
What part of the brain does **neuroticism**?
amygdala cingulate cortex medial prefrontal cortex hippocampus
66
What part of the brain does **agreeableness**?
temporoparietal association area cingulate cortex
67
What part of the cortex does **conscientiousness**?
Lateral prefrontal cortex
68
What is intellect?
the ability to **develop concepts** and to **reason** (which involve memory and ability to process mental experiences)
69
Trisomy 21 = ?
Down Syndrome
70
if a specific area is affected in developmental disorders of intellect = ?
learning disability
71
Dementia is ?
Neurodegenerative mental condition with reduced memory, intellect, orientation, and judgment
Neuro Final
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