1.8 Theoretical frameworks

Question 1

why is education important?

Answer 1

education for disaster preparedness can provide life saving and life sustaining information and skills that protect in particular children and young people during and after emergencies
-education is vital in building disaster resilient societies and to save lives

Question 2

what country leads in disaster preparedness via education?

Answer 2

Japan (+Iceland)
-conducts annual drills, school buildings are resilient to hazards due to strict building codes and regulations imposed by the government

Question 3

what does the risk disc attempt to explain?

Answer 3

the reasons for the decline in deaths in terms of disaster preparedness, disaster mitigation, disaster response and disaster recovery

Question 4

what does disaster preparedness involve?

Answer 4

national disaster preparedness plans and management
early warning systems
evacuation routes
stockpiles- resources ready post event e.g. tents
public awareness
training

Question 5

what does disaster response involve?

Answer 5

coordination
quick appropriate relief
local participation in assessment
strengthen local disaster response
relief for recovery

Question 6

what relief committee does the UK use?

Answer 6

The Disasters Emergency Committee- DEC

Question 7

what does disaster recovery involve?

Answer 7

assessment of risks during rehabilitation
local partners
rebuilding livelihoods, not just reconstruction
advocacy to reduce risk in future

Question 8

what does disaster mitigation involve?

Answer 8

hazard-proof infrastructure: crops and jobs, building codes, land use regulations, insurance, public awareness, right to safety

Question 9

what does development involve in the risk disc?

Answer 9

mainstream risk assessment:
-strengthen livelihoods (human, social, political, financial and physical assets)
-sustainable agriculture and resource use
-social services
-diversified economies (not just reliant on agriculture)
-good governance with minimal corruption

Question 10

what does adaption to climate change involve in the risk disc?

Answer 10

disaster preparedness and mitigation:
-coastal retreat
-local coping strategies
-adaption funds
-legal protection for migrants
-international protocols
-reduction of emissions

Question 11

what are earthquake risk forecasts based on?

Answer 11

data and evidence gathered through global seismic monitoring networks, as well as from historical records
-long term forecasts are currently much more reliable than short to medium term forecasts

Question 12

why is forecasting important?

Answer 12

it can encourage governments to enforce better building regulations in areas of high stress, or create improved evacuation procedures in areas of highest risk
-also implement effective training/ education systems

Question 13

name some physical factors that affect response to hazards

Answer 13

-geographical accessibility of location/ region
-type of hazard- scale, impact, magnitude, frequency
-topography of region (e.g. mountainous, steep)
-climate (e.g. monsoon rain causes access problems- land or mud slides)

Question 14

name some human factors that affect response to hazards

Answer 14

-number of people involved in incident (population density)
-degree of community preparedness
-technological resources, quality of engineering
-scientific understanding and expertise
-education and training
-economic wealth, level of development
-infrastructure
-social and political framework, government resources and stability

Question 15

what does Park’s model aim to better understand?

Answer 15

the time dimensions of resilience: from a hazard striking to when a place, community or country returns to normal operation
-helps to plan and understand risk and resilience, as well as to better prepare for future events

Question 16

what are the different stages in Park’s model on the x axis?

Answer 16

pre-disaster
relief (hours to days)
rehabilitation (days to weeks)
reconstruction (weeks to years)

Question 17

what is on the y axis in Park’s model?

Answer 17

quality of life, level of economic activity, social stability, communications and services

Question 18

describe the pre-disaster stage in Park’s model (disaster response curve)

Answer 18

quality of life is normal before disaster, people do their best to prevent and prepare for such events happening
e.g. through education on how to prepare supplies and put medical teams on stanby

Question 19

describe the relief stage in Park’s model (disaster response curve)

Answer 19

the hazard event has occurred, immediate relief is the priority with medical attention, rescue services and emergency care provided
-quality of life has stopped decreasing and begins to rise slowly

Question 20

describe the rehabilitation stage in Park’s model (disaster response curve)

Answer 20

may include outside help from national or international groups to help return back to normal
-provide food, water and shelter to those who are without these basic needs
-modify the loss by providing aid and temporary housing and services

Question 21

describe the reconstruction stage in Park’s model (disaster response curve)

Answer 21

longer- term investments are made in infrastructure, crops and property
-focuses on the need to reduce vulnerability and the need to restore to normality as soon as possible
-try and learn from mistakes to better respond to the next one

Question 22

occurrence interval

Answer 22

how frequent event/ hazard occur

Question 23

what hazard type is becoming more frequent?

Answer 23

hydrometeorological events due to global warming, meaning the atmosphere is warmer, so has more energy
-making these events more likely and intense

Question 24

what is the hazard management cycle?

Answer 24

this illustrates the different stages of managing hazards in an attempt to reduce the scale of a disaster- one disaster event informing preparation for the next

Question 25

what are the four stages in the hazard management cycle?

Answer 25

1. response 2. recovery 3. mitigation 4. preparedness

Question 26

outline response in the hazard management cycle

Answer 26

immediate help in the form of rescue to save lives and aid to keep people alive -providing emergency shelter, food and water -helping to cope with disaster

Question 27

outline recovery in the hazard management cycle

Answer 27

rebuilding infrastructure and services, rehabilitating injured (physically and mentally) people and their lives -in the short term focus on immediate needs -in long term focus on reducing future vulnerability

Question 28

outline mitigation in the hazard management cycle

Answer 28

acting to reduce the scale of the next disaster -using land use zoning, hazard resistant buildings and infrastructure -helps communities become less vulnerable

Question 29

outline preparedness in the hazard management cycle

Answer 29

community education and resilient buildings -awareness of how to act before, during and after a disaster -involves prediction, warning and evacuation technology/ systems

Question 30

how might the duration of the recovery stage be influenced?

Answer 30

depends on: -magnitude of disaster -development level- poorer people are more severely affected -governance- well governed places with divert resources more effectively to areas in need -external help ie aid and financing to help recovery

Question 31

examples of ST recovery actions

Answer 31

-providing essential health and safety services -restoring power and water supplies -re-establishing transportation routes -providing food and temporary shelter

Question 32

examples of LT recovery actions

Answer 32

-rebuilding homes and other structures -repairing and rebuilding infrastructure -re-opening businesses and schools