What is a long term migrant
a person who moves to a country other than residence for at least one year
What is a short term migrant
A person who moves for more than three months but less than a year
What is net migration
the differences between number of immigrants and emigrants for a country
A few facts about migration
- in 2015, 244 million people were living outside their country of origin
- the global migration system is dynamic
What are the two main reasons for migration
- economic migrants-these are the majority. They are seeking work and social opportunities. Sending money back to their family (migrant remittances)
- refugees-fleeing conflict zones and persecution. Growing in numbers, as are asylum seekers
What was the total population change in 2013 and 2020 due to international migrants
-2013: +407,345
-2020: +313,000
these figures are only estimates because it is difficult to define an international migrant and there are many undocumented illegal migrations
What three scales does migration occur at
- between neighbouring countries e.g. Germany to France
- across the globe e.g. UK to Australia
- between major global regions e.g. Africa and Europe
What are the advantages of chorepleth maps to represent spatial patterns of international migration
- visually effective-can see a large amount of information and general patterns
- anomalies easily identified
What are the disadvantages of chorepleth maps to represent spatial patterns of internatinal migration
- they give a false impression of abrupt changes at the boundaries of shaded units
- not suitable for showing total value
- difficult to distinguish between different shades
- variations within an area are hidden
Example of international migration-UK-main reasons for people moving abroad FROM the UK
- employment opportunities-the majority were of working age, including a high proportion in managerial positions
- retirement-high UK house process enable many to sell up and live more cheaply abroad. Goodquality of life
- family reunification-moving to join relatives overseas
Example of international migration-UK-main countries of origin of UK immigrants (in million)
- India- 0.76
- Poland- 0.66
- Pakistan- 0.48
Example of international migration-UK-main countries of destination of UK emigrants (in million)
- Australia- 1.28
- USA- 0.76
- Canada- 0.67
Example of international migration-UK-main reasons for people moving abroad TO the UK
- ex colonies e.g. India
- fellow EU countries e.g. Poland
- business/job/work opportunities
- education (193,000 were students in full time education)
- family reunification (91,000)
How much of the immigrant population did women represent in the UK
women represented just over half of the UK’s immigrant population in 2013
Which region of the UK had the largest number of immigrants
London- 36.2% of immigrants (mostly from India)
What is inter regional migration
- the movement of people between different global regions e.g. Africa to Europe
- several thousand peope have risked their lives fleeing conflict and instability in Africa and the Middle East in order to reach Europe
Exaple of INTER regional migration-Mediterranean migration- what are they key routes of migration into Europe
- Meditteranean sea from North Africa to reach Europe
- large number of migrants arriving in Europe were from Syria
- Italy-high numbers of migrants
Exaple of INTER regional migration-Mediterranean migration- what are some of the challenges faced along the way?
- temperatures/seas-higher temperatures and calmer seas make the dangerous journey less threatening
- boats are small, crammed and poorly maintained
- heat exhaustion and suffocation (due to poor conditions)
- boats can sink-people can drown
- 3,279 peoeple died in 2014 to Mediterranea sea crossings
Exaple of INTER regional migration-Mediterranean migration-Where are most migrants going (include %)
- 41% Germany- Germany accept immigrants and easy to get a job
- 16% Sweden- good system of healthcare and education. High quality of life
- 15% Italy- easy to get to compared to other countries
Exaple of INTER regional migration-Mediterranean migration- where are most migrants coming from (include %)
- 45% Syria- to escape war and seek somewhere safe to live
- 25% Afghanistan- high violence levels means there was a surge of Asylum seekers
- 10% Eritrea- fighting here means there were large amount of refugee migrants (2014- Eritrea+ Spain accounted for the largest number of migrants arriving in Italy by sea)
What are push factors
negative things that make people want to move out of a place
- unemployment
- lack of safety/services
- poverty
- crop failure
- drought
- hazards
What are pull factors
Positive things that attract people to a new place
- job opportunities
- safer atmosphere
- better service provision
- fertile land
- greater wealth
Briefly explain Lee Migration Model
Original (push/pull factors) —-> destination (push/pull factors)
INTERVENING OBSTACLES inbetween e.g. economic cost, physical features, climatic factors
Named example of Mediterranean migration- push factors from Etitrea
- it is one of the worl’d poorest countries
- access to sanitation available to just 13%
- only 22% jave access to safe water
- low life expectancy of 65 years
- politically unstable and corrupt with internal civil war
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1.b. Current patterns of international migration are related to global patterns of socio-economic development18
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2.a. Global migration patterns are influenced by a multitude of inter-related factors33
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2.b. Corridors of migrant flows create interdependence between countries.10
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//1.a. Global migration involves dynamic flows of people between countries, regions and continents39
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//3.a. Global migration creates opportunities and challenges which reflect the unequal power relations between countries30
