1st Amendment

Question 1

1st Amendment Applies to:

Answer 1

1. The Federal Government (Congress, Executive, Judiciary)
2. State/ Local Government indirectly through the 14th Amendment Due Process Clause.

Question 2

1st Amendment does NOT apply to:

Answer 2

1. Private suppression of speech
2. Private parties/ businesses/ actors
3. Government Speech

Question 3

Government Speech:

Answer 3

1. The government expresses certain viewpoints and disparages others
2. Examples of Government speech:
   (a) Permanent monuments

Summum Case: Placing a permanent monument in a public park is not a form of expression it is government speech and thus not subject to Strict Scrutiny.

(b)Specialty License Plates:

Sons of Confederate Vests: License plates are not a public forum, they are used for government speech.