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2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Dark Ages
High Middle Ages
Late Middle Ages

A

(500-1000 AD)
(1000 – 1300 AD)
(1300-1500 AD)

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2
Q

DARK AGES (500 – 1000 AD) 🙏

A

consists of 5 centuries

  • Terrible political and economic turmoil
  • Vikings and Saxons
  1. people cannot read and write except those members of the clergy
  2. Christian faith and bible
  3. limited access to scientific literature written in Greek
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3
Q

HIGH MIDDLE AGES (1000 – 1300 AD)

A
  • political stability
  • renewal of large-
    scale building .
  • Monasteries became wealthy and
  • Regained political stability
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4
Q

(High Middle Ages) Christian Scholasticism emphasis on the Platonic
reasoning

A

“scholastics” or schoolmen defending dogma

  • Oldest universities are also established during high middle ages
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5
Q

Oldest Universities
OCMPSV

A

Oxford 1167
Cambridge 1209
Montpellier 1220
Padua 1222
Sorbonne 1253
Valladolid 1292

  • church began to
    battle for political and intellectual control over these universities
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6
Q

Scholasticism

A

dominated the universities

Franciscans and Dominicans

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7
Q

LATE MIDDLE AGES (1300 – 1500 AD)

A

Philosophers
- John Duns Scotus
world of faith had to be kept separated.

  • William of Ockham
    principle of parsimony: simple theory is more complex
  • Jean Buridan
    theory of impetus: anticipated Newtonian laws of physics
  • Thomas Bradwardine
    study of kinematics and velocity
  • Nicole Oresme
    theory about heliocentric, light and color were related
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8
Q

Main Power Sources in technology of middle ages

A

➢ Water
➢ Animals
➢ Human

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9
Q

water mill flourished in Europe
was (middle ages)

A

the Norse Mill.

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10
Q

Norse Mill

A

drive a millstone

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11
Q

Vertical water mill

A

powered by a stream

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12
Q

Teutonic tribes (middle ages)

A
  • people of Iron Age use iron plowshares
  • spinning jenny or spinning wheel
  • Waterpower was used to drive fulling stocks.
  • A machine for spinning with one spindle, patented by James Hargreaves
    in 1770
  • Fulling mill
  • Rope
  • Barrel
  • Leather
  • Metal smith

Soap - decomposing animals or vegetable fats
- cleaning textile fabrics.

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13
Q

Georgius Agricola published

A

De re metallica
- techniques of shafting

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14
Q

3 forms of iron:
PCS

A
  1. pure iron – moderately hard;
    red when hits 700 degrees Celsius -
    bent into whatever shape

rot iron – moderately tough and
easily bent; loses any sharp edges

  1. cast iron – enormously strong;
    liquid form, it cannot be bent
  2. steel iron – small amount of carbon
    dissolved
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15
Q

carbon –

A

distinguish three irons

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16
Q

bellows

A

furnace a strong blast of air

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17
Q

Blast furnace –

A

used for melting (lead or copper);

(series of pipes)

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18
Q

Warfare (middle ages)

A

Gunpowder – carbon and sulfur, invented in China, han song dynasty
made up of carbon, sulfur, saltpeter

Cannons – Christian war against Muslim in the 13th century

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19
Q

Other Notable Inventions

A
  • Mechanical clock – oldest clock
  • Artesian well (1126) - groundwater
  • Wheelbarrow (1170s) - useful in construction,
  • Mirrors (1180) - metal, bronze, tin or silver
  • Spectacles (1280s) - convex lenses to help far- sighted.
    concave lenses for near sighted
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20
Q

Alchemy

A

mixture of science, philosophy, and mysticism
- matter was composed of four elements:, earth, air, fire, and water

Common aims:
o Transmutation of base metal (lead) into
a nobel metal (gold)
o Creation of an elixir of immortality
o Creation of panacea to cure any diseases
o development of an Alkahest (universal
solvent)

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21
Q

Paracelsus –

A

added a third element salt to make trinity of alchemical elements

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22
Q

Mathematics

Study These Flashcards
A
  • Leonardo of Pisa or Fibonacci –
    Hindu-Arabic numeral system;
  • Nicole Oresme – coordinates system before
  • Nicholas of Cusa – infinitesimal
23
Q

Art

Study These Flashcards
A
  • Oil painting
  • Leonardo da Vinci (1452 – 1519) – study
    anatomy to
  • Michelangelo – painter and sculpture of the
    Italian renaissance
24
Q

Compass

25
Nautical maps –
geography of the land
26
Impact of age of exploration
o explorers learned more about areas such as Africa and America and brought back that knowledge to Europe o massive wealth because of the trade of their goods, spices, and precious metals o Methods of navigation o Mapping improved o New foods, plants, and animals were used to exchange between the colonies and Europe
27
RENAISSANCE PERIOD
- 1350 – 1600 - “Rebirth” - Creativity, imagination and curiosity of exploration
28
MODERN AGES
- scientific revolution, 1543 - 1687 - Emergence of western technology with instruments like: o Telescope by Galileo for astronomy and o Microscope for biology o Steam engine
29
Mining and Metallurgy (modern ages)
- developed mineral resources o copper o zinc o tin o lead o gold
30
• Agriculture (modern ages)
Horse-driven seed drill by Jethro Tull (1674 – 1741)
31
Printing Press by Johannes Gutenberg
- wood block printing in China - extracted juices from fruits 🍎🍏 - need for publishing book information to many people at a faster rate - accessible to individual who couldn’t write - Gutenberg first printing book was Bible
32
• Astronomy
- Nicolas Copernicus (1473 – 1543) o Heliocentric Theory: sun at the center of the universe o De revolutionibus orbium coelestium: celestial sphere - Tycho Brahe (1546 – 1601) o data of astronomical bodies - Giordano Bruno (1548 – 1600) o Earth move, but so does the sun o “no such thing as a point absolutely at rest in the universe” Publishes 3 books in 1584 in his philosophy: 1. The Ash Wednesday Supper 2. Cause, Principle, and Unity 3. On the Infinite, the Universe, and the Worlds - Johannes Kepler (1571 – 1630) o Three Laws of Planetary Motion o foundation of modern optics o intensity of light o refracting telescope o working of human eye o calculation of areas o volumes by infinitesimal technique
33
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
1750 – 1900 Developments that occur in the industrial revolution: o Mass production of goods o Development of factory production o Migration of the rural people to urban o Development of more capitalism o Development and growth of new socio-economic classes o Commitment to research and development o Investment in new technologies Birth and Growth of the Textile Industry - Spinning mule o It was invented by Samuel Crompton in 1779 o spinning jenny - Power loom o Edmund Cartwright in 1785 o wove thread into cloth - Cotton gin o Invented by Eli Whitney in 1793 o raw cotton from cotton seeds - Sewing machine o Elias Howe in 1846
34
Christiaan Huygens (1629 – 1695)
o Elastic Collision Theory o centripetal force o correct laws of elastic collision
35
Robert Boyle (1627 – 1691)
o “father of chemistry” - scientific method o boyle’s law
36
Antoine Lavoisier (1743 – 1794)
o chemical reactivity of oxygen
37
John Dalton (1766 – 1844)
o theory of atomism - p1v1 - law of partial pressures
38
Evangelista Torricelli (1608 – 1647)
o barometer (1643) air pressure
39
Blaise Pascal (1623 – 1662)
o cannot be detected but exist o Pascaline
40
Rene Descartes (1596 – 1650)
o Cartesian Coordinate system - I think therefore I am o Father of Modern Philosophy
41
Steam engine
o Invented by Thomas Newcomen in 1712 o drains water - integral of industrial revolution
42
Watt’s steam engine
o James Watt improve steam engine
43
“Puffing Devil”
o successful steam locomotive o Richard Trevithick o Oliver Evans constructed machines use high pressure
44
Telegraph
o in 1837, william cooke and charles wheatstone
45
Steam turbine
o Sir Charles Parsons in 1884 o energy of steam converted - rapid circulated motion
46
Electric currents
o invented by Alessandro Volta o Volta also discovered methane
47
electricity and magnetism
o Benjamin Franklin – lightning is a static o Alessandro Volta – produce electric current o Michael Faraday – in 1831, discovered elusive relationship electricity and magnetism
48
coal gas
o William Murdock for illumination
49
Filament bulbs
o Thomas Edison determine uses of electricity
50
Combustion engine o 2 types of combustion engines
o combustion of fuel. 1. Internal combustion engines – rely on explosive power of fuel within the engine to produce work; it was invented by Etienne Lenoir in 1859 – Nikolaus Otto – the four-stroke internal-combustion engine 2. External combustion engines – working fluid that is heated by fuel
51
medicine in Scientific revolution, modern ages
- Use of vegetable remedies - Functions of the plant andreas vesalius of belgium: modern anatomy published the “fabric of the human body”
52
galileo galilei
father of the scientific method Made spyglass
53
isaac newton
Three laws of motion - principiabook - Motion of gravity - invented calculus - theory of color
54
isaac newton
Three laws of motion - principiabook - Motion of gravity - invented calculus - theory of color
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