2. Declining Fertility rates

More developed countries = low TFR Least developed countries = higher TFR 1. Baby boom (1946-65) 2. Baby bust (after 1965)

= 1/2 the population is older and 1/2 is younger than the median age - Increase in median age, # and % of seniors

2: Aging Population Flashcards by Deleted Deleted

Demography

the study of the size, structure (age), and distribution of human populations

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Population is aging because of 3 demographic changes

Increasing Life Expectancy
1. Declining Fertility rates
2. Immigration

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life expectancy

average number of years a person is PROJECTED to live
- NOT average age at the time of death

Better medical treatment
○ Lower fatality rates

Better public health, effective health promotion
○ Seat belts, smoking cessation

epidemiological transition

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life expectancy @ birth

M: 80
W: 84

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Epidemiological transition

the replacement of infectious disease by chronic degenerative disease over time
- majority of the population gains reliable access to the basic material necessities of life
○ People live longer
○ Chronic disease don’t kill people quickly

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Declining Fertility rates

More developed countries = low TFR
Least developed countries = higher TFR

Baby boom (1946-65)
Baby bust (after 1965)

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Fertility Rate vs Birth Rate

Fertility = individual measure
- Average # of live births a woman can be expected to have in her lifetime
- NOT the # of times a women gets pregnant

Birth = population measure
- Number of live births per 1000 women

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4 Stages of Demographic Transition

stage 1: high fertility & mortality
- small pop. , slow growth
- + young people, - older people

stage 2: high fertility & declining mortality
- pop. grows (more children survive)
- pop. may explode and get younger
- (- )older peolpe

stage 3: declining fertility & mortality
- pop. growth levels = state of transition from young high-growth to old low-growth pop.
- + older people

stage 4: low fertility & mortality
- low pop. growth
- ++ old people

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Immigration

INCREASING dependency ratio

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overall dependency ratio

pop. 0-19 + pop. 65+ // pop. 20-64
^^those who work^^
^^no economic^^
contribution

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Youth dependency ratio

pop. 0-19 / pop. 20-64

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Old age dependency ratio

of people age 65+ / population age 20 -64

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apocalyptic demography

Treated people living longer as a burden to society

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T of F Canada’s population = one of the older populations in the world

TRUE

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Demographers use at least 3 measures of population aging

# of older people in a population
Median age of a population
Proportion of older people in a population

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T or F

Increase in # of older people (65+) will happen simultaneously as world has a decrease in children

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developed, less developed, least developed regions

Developed regions: more developed countries
○ Europe, North America, Australia/New Zealand, Japan

Less developed regions: developing socio-economically
○ China, India, Brazil .etc

Least developed: 47 countries that are the poorest economically and have weak human indicators
○ Haiti, Niger, Yemen, Democratic Republic of the Congo .etc

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least developed nations

High fertility rates, lower life expectancy, low % of older people

need to support dependent children and older pop.

may need hybrid system: family support + government programs

Hardships due to rapid urbanization

The Grandmothers to Grandmothers Campaign
○ Stephen Lewis Foundation (SLF) created to support African grandmothers caring for children orphaned by AIDs

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less developed nations

Declining fertility rates and rising life expectancies

will have larger proportions of older people than ever before
don’t have social services or economic resources to help elderly poor (developing economy)

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developed nations

High proportion of older people in pop., will continue to get older

Increase in healthcare & pension costs
○ requires economy and political support

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Median age

= 1/2 the population is older and 1/2 is younger than the median age

Increase in median age, # and % of seniors

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what has played the smallest part in aging population

immigration

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Immigration in first decade of 20th century accounted for __% of total population increase

Study These Flashcards

44%
○ Most came as children or young adults
○ Helped keep population young
- high birth rates due to young immigrants

Death rate

Study These Flashcards

of deaths per 1,000 people in a population

Who gained the most years in life expectancy

Infants - control of childhood diseases - better prenatal care - improved nutrition

primary cause of population aging

birth rates

Demographic transition

population changes from high birth/death rate to low birth/death rate condition

baby boom

- sharp rise in fertility rate from 1946-1965 (after WWII) - ~3.5 kids Canada had the loudest baby boom in the industrialized world, due to: ○ Good economy: people felt confident about the future ○ Large # of immigrants: many of child-bearing age

what accounted for greatest changes in Canadian population

Baby boom & baby bust

baby bust

sharp drop in fertility rate from mid-1960s + Baby Bust due to: ○ Use of birth control pill ○ Increased participation of women in labour force

life expectancy @65

M: 19 W: 22

life expectancy @85

M: 6.5 W: 7.8

T or F: The structure of the society is shaped based on economic contribution of younger individuals

T or F: Dependency ratio is decreasing

F: INCREASING!!!

benefits of an older person

1. Lower crime rate 2. Healthier lifestyle 3. Improving economy 4. Keeper of traditions and language 5. Unpaid (hidden) contributions

2016: people 65+ outnumbered children under ___

in 2018, people 65+ made up __% of the world's population

in 2018, TFFR was estimated at __

2.4

by 2036, Canada will have between __ million and __million older people (__ - __% of population)

9.9 and 10.9 24-26%

canadians aged 100+ could number between _____ and _____, up from 10,000 in 2018

63,000 and 113,000

when did Canada begin its demographic transition

around 1850 as birth rate decreased

prospective aging

allows demographers to compare populations with different life expectancies, and compare 1 society at different points in time as life expectancy increases

demographic determinism

demography (population dynamics) determines social relations

2018, population 80+ totalled ____ (__% of population)

1.6 million (4% of population)

___+ age group = largest # of very old in Canada's history

in 2016, Canada had ___ centenarians - women outnumbered men _ to _ - # of centenarians is projected to grow _____ by 2051

8,230 centenarians - 5 to 1 - 40,000

old age security pension

basic retirement income program (nearly all older people)

guaranteed income supplement

income supplement for poorest older people

allowance

income supplement for spouses of pensioners who receive Old Age Security pension and have combined income below a set amount

T of F male life expectancy increased faster than female

F: female increased faster

2016, ___ million women 65+ and ___ million men

3.2 million women, 2.7 million men

by 2036, projected ___ million women 65+, ___ million men

5.4 million women, 4.9 million men

indigenous seniors - fertility, expectanct, senior pop.

- young population (high fertility rate, lower life expectancy) - small senior population

__/__seniors in 2016 had immigrated to canada from other countries

1/3

___ and ___ less likely to learn/ability to speak English and French

recent immigrants and older women

crude dependency ratio

- based solely on # of people in each age group - does not address economic burden of older population

3 stages of senior mobility

1. retirement stage - lifestyle-related move (snowbirds) - freedom from needing to live near work 2. disability stage - physical limitations = move closer to kids - amenity migration: return to locations they get care support 3. severe disability stage - long-term care facility - move because absence of healthcare support

2: Aging Population Flashcards

(57 cards)