2- associative memory

Question 1

What determines your internal reaction

Answer 1

A combination of intuitive valuation (lower level evaluation) + deliberate evaluation of the situation

Question 2

associative memory

Answer 2

• implicit model of the world
• distillation of statistical regularities across your experiences
• does NOT just operate at the linguistic/conceptual level

Question 3

semantic memory

Answer 3

• words!
• explicit model of the world
• general knowledge
  - facts, ideas, meanings, concepts
  - can come from experience or culture

Question 4

culture’s influence on associative learning

Answer 4

• culture influences what we are exposed to every day
• repeated exposure strengthens some associations
• lack of exposure weakens other associations

culture determines what we are exposed to (our experiences) which determines our associative memory, which determines our intuitive valuations

Question 5

how does culture shape our models of the world

Answer 5

shapes our implicit model of the world without our awareness

shapes our explicit model of the world with and without our awareness

Question 6

conditioning

Answer 6

a major way of learning new associations and thus forming associative memories

Question 7

system 1 + system 2 functioning

Answer 7

system one: intuition
our associative memory determines our intuitive judgements

system two: reasoning
can either REJECT or ACCEPT system one’s intuitive judgments
- over-ridden in favour of our deliberate judgments
- endorsed as our deliberate judgments

Question 8

system 1 descriptors

Answer 8

INTUITION
fast
parallel
automatic
effortless
associative
slow-learning
emotionsl

Question 9

system 2 descriptors

Answer 9

REASONING
slow
serial
controlled
effortful
rule-governed
flexible
neutral

Question 10

availability heuristic

Answer 10

when examples of nothing comes to mind EASILY, system 2 judges the frequency of that something to be HIGH

Question 11

attribute subsitution

Answer 11

when the individual has to make a complex judgement and instead substitutes a more easily calculated HEURISTIC

substitute frequency to easy in own head

a system 1 process!

Question 12

processing fluency

Answer 12

the subjective experience of the ease (or difficulty) with which we process given information or accomplish something

high processing fluency = true, good, confident (according to system 1!!)

Question 13

when is the availability heuristic a good mental shortcut to follow

Answer 13

when it’s unimportant
the experience in modern day is different from before!

Question 14

heuristics vs statistics: which one has greater influence on our deliberate judgments out danger?

Answer 14

BOTH… which has more depends on CIRUMSTANCE and PERSON

Question 15

issue with fractions in probabilistic view of danger

Answer 15

• it’s difficult to think in factions, especially as they get smaller - and smaller
• many people consider probabilities of < 1 in 100 “too small to worry about
• judgments about what is dangerous and safe are often determine through cultural influences and emotional associations here

Question 16

risk and achievement within the probabilistic view of danger

Answer 16

for many things, risk is NOT the main focus… but instead achievement is
- running a marathon
- going on a NASA space shuttle mission

however… childbirth is not thought of this way

Question 17

issues with fractions when talking about danger

Answer 17

• non-intuitive
• words we use instead of them can be misleading

Question 18

words of estimative probability

Answer 18

proposed solution to issues with fractions when talking about danger

~93% = almost certain
~75% = probable
~50% = chances about even
~30% = probably not
~7% = almost certainly not

Question 19

weasel words

Answer 19

• vague enough to be meaningless
• can be used to mislead
  EX:
• its possible
• its a ___ possibility

Question 20

what are our judgements about what is “dangerous” or safe based on and influenced by?

Answer 20

• generally not based on statistical probabilities
• culturally influenced
• based on associative memory and heuristics

Question 21

our general model about birth and how it affects our judgments

Answer 21

“birth is dangerous, but intervention (technology/control) makes it safe”

It leads to systematic distortions in our judgments
- overestimating the risk of not intervening
- underestimating the risk of intervening

Question 22

what are the two most famous representations of birth and how do they depict birth

Answer 22

1. Botticelli: Birth of Venus
2. Michelangelo: Birth of Adam

• no baby
• shows a deity
• no blood or umbilical cord
• less emotion and facial expression

Question 23

what do the culturally dominant representations of birth tend to avoid?

Answer 23

• the PHYSIOLOGICAL REALITY: blood, bodily fluids, body organs, etc.
• the VULNERABILITY and DEPENDENCY of human newborns on their mothers
• the ANIMALISM and EMOTIONALITY of birth

Question 24

examples of culturally dominant values

Answer 24

• reason (lack of emotion)
• the mental
• abstractions and symbols
• culture
• humans as gods
• power, independence
• autonomy, individuality
• hierarchy

Question 25

examples of culturally non-dominant values

Answer 25

- emotion - the physical - the subjective experience - nature - humans as animals - vulnerability, dependence - intimacy, connectedness - interdependence

Question 26

how can reasoning be motivated

Answer 26

1. accuracy motive 2. directional motive

Question 27

accuracy motive and what it leads us to do

Answer 27

**motivation to arrive at an accurate, thorough explanation** generally, it leads us to: - expend more cognitive effort - process information more deeply - use more complex thinking strategies

Question 28

directional motive

Answer 28

**motivation to arrive at a particular, directional explanation** generally, it leads us to: - try to justify a particular conclusion in a rational, convincing manner - undertake a biased memory search for particular beliefs and rules - access only a subset of our relevant knowledge (different subset would ve accessed with a different direction motive)

Question 29

self-serving bias

Answer 29

*reinforce that we're a good person and validity of our own base of knowledge* - likely to occur when we formulate explanations about positive or negative events or outcomes - POSITIVE events/outcomes tend to be explained through INTERNAL CAUSES (it was MEHH) - NEGATIVE events/outcomes tend to be explained through EXTERNAL CAUSES (not me!1)

Question 30

people with depression and self-serving bias?

Answer 30

people with depression show less self-serving bias are more realistic

Question 31

self-serving bias and culture-serving bias

Answer 31

we are motivated to attribute: POSITIVE outcomes -> DOMINANT cultural values NEGATIVE outcomes -> non-dominant cultural values

Question 32

what are errors of judgement attributed to

Answer 32

TWO ERRORS - Automatic operations of system 1 have Faulty intuition - Associative memory - Control operations of systems 2 fail to detect and correct

Question 33

Judgement biases

Answer 33

overweighting of some aspects of the info and underweighting/neglect of others

Question 34

how much weight is given to strongly active information?

Answer 34

- Strongly activated information is likely to be given more weight than it deserves - relevant knowledge that is not activated by the associative context with be underweighted or neglected

Question 35

associations automatically evoked by a stimulus include elements that are often attributed to...

Answer 35

high level inferences ○ Description of an event immediately retrieves possible causes and counterfactual alternatives

Question 36

Blocking effect

Answer 36

blocking experiment: - tone predicts an electric shock - animal fears the tone - now NEW stimulus is paired with the shock - but animal is not scared of the new stimulus alone!!

Question 37

discounting effect

Answer 37

○ Possible cause of an event is ignored when event is already attributed to another cause

Question 38

associative coherence

Answer 38

Induces confirmatory bias when people examine a hypothesis by increasing the accessibility of hypothesis-consistent information - Pattern of automatic activation in memory tends to produce a comprehensive and internally consistent interpretation of the present situation - which is causally embedded in the context of the recent past - incorporates appropriate emotions and preparedness for likely future events and for future actions

Question 39

Framing

Answer 39

alternative statements of a decision evoke different emotions - Activation of compatible associations is a primary mechanisms of both anchoring and framing effects

Question 40

Intention to evaluate a particular attribute of a stimulus automatically activates....

Answer 40

assessments of other dimensions as well b/c dimensions of judgement are associated with each other

Question 41

Robust bias

Answer 41

observed when observers rely on a subjective impression to estimate an objective quantity in the prescence of an obvious biasing factor

Question 42

Priming paradigm

Answer 42

exposure to one stimulus influences a response to a subsequent stimulus, without conscious guidance or intention. Priming is about presenting some stimulus to subjects that then makes it easier for them to process another similar stimulus (the similarity could be phonetic, conceptual, or other).

Question 43

easiest, fastest way of judging system 1 or rejecting system 1

Answer 43

availability heuristic

Question 44

issues and good things about the availability heuristic

Answer 44

- great mental shortcut to follow if you live before the invention of agriculture - could be greatly misleading when our associative memory is biased (not representative of real world) - many things other than stat frequency could INFLUENCE memory availability - culture - expectations - motives and desires

Question 45

T or F: evidence of the priming paradigm suggests that activation spreading selectively within associative memory generates and continuously maintains a rich, coherent representation of the current state of affairs

Answer 45

**true!!** - it links to both the past and to the likely future and supports a readiness to act and react appropriately - many biases of intuitive judgment are predictable side effects of this highly adaptive mechanism