ISAP > (2) Bönes > Flashcards

(2) Bönes Flashcards

(60 cards)

Study These Flashcards
1
Q

How many bones are in the axial skeleton?

A

80

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How many bones are in the appendicular skeleton?

A

126

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Which bones are included in the axial skeleton? (5)

A

Skull
Ossicles (inner ears)
Hyoid bone
Ribs
Vertebral column

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Which bones are included in the appendicular skeleton? (6)

A

Shoulder girdle
Arms
Hands
Pelvic girdle
Legs
Feet

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is connective tissue?

A

An abundant tissue consisting of cells separated from each other by extracellular matrix.
Every organ in the body is made up by connective tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the 4 classifications of connective tissue within the skeletal system?

A

1) Bones
2) Cartilage
3) Tendons
4) Ligaments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are 6 major functions of the skeletal system?

A

1) Support
2) Protection
3) Assistance with movement
4) Mineral homeostasis
5) Blood cell production
6) Triglyceride storage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is cartilage? What is contained within the acellular matrix?

A

Connective tissue made up of non-fibrous proteins, other molecules (e.g. proteoglycans) and fluid produced by chondroblasts.

Acellular matrix has dense network of
- collagen fibres
- elastic fibres
- chondrocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Does cartilage contain nerves and/or blood vessels?

A

No. Avascular and no nerves.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Where are cartilage cells formed from?

A

Cells in the perichondrium, which produce the cartilage matrix

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the two methods of cartilage growth?

A

Apppositional growth
Interstitial growth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the appositional method of cartilage growth?

A

Cartilage is added to the outside of existing cartilage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the interstitial method of cartilage growth?

A

Chondrocytes within the matrix divide and add more matrix between the chondrocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the 3 types of cartilage associated with the bones and joints? Example of each.

A

1) Hyaline (ribcage, bronchi)
2) Fibrocartilage (knee, jaw)
3) Elastic (external ear, epiglottis)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are characteristics of hyaline cartilage? What is it made up of?

A

Gelatinous and glossy, with evenly distributed collagen fibres.
Made up of specialised cells (chondroblasts)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What do chondroblasts develop into? Where are they located?

A

Chondroblasts develop into chondrocytes once they have been surrounded by matrix.

Located in lacunae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the 3 very similar sounding bone cell names?

A

1) OsteoBLAST
2) OsteoCYTE
3) OsteoCLAST

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What does the suffix -blast mean?

A

Create/form

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What does the suffix -cyte mean?

A

Cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What does the suffix -clast mean?

A

Break down/broken

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are osteoblasts? Where do they originate? What is their function?

A

Bone-forming cells.
Produce chemicals & structures which make up the matrix.

Originate in the periosteum

Form bone via ossification or osteogensis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the function of osteocytes? Where are they located?

A

Maintain the matrix.

Located in lacunae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are osteoclasts? What is their function?

A

Bone-destroying cells which break down the matrix

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What proportion of the bone matrix is organic vs inorganic?

A

35% organic
65% inorganic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What is the organic portion of bone matrix made up of?
35% Collagen fibres Proteoglycans Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids
26
What is the inorganic portion of bone matrix made up of?
65% Hydroxypatite Calcium orthophosphate crystals Calcium ions Phosphate ions
27
What are two types of bone growth?
Woven Lamellar
28
When does woven bone growth occur? How are the collagen fibres arranged?
During foetal development Collagen fibres randomly arranged
29
When does lamellar bone growth occur? How are the collagen fibres arranged?
When woven bone is broken down by osteoclasts and reformed into thin sheets (lamellae) Collagen fibres parallel to each other
30
What are 4 types of bones?
Long bones (upper & lower limbs) Short bones (carpals, tarsels) Flat bones (ribs, skull) Irregular bones (vertebrae, facial bones)
31
What are two types of foetal bone development?
Intramembranous ossification Endochondral ossification
32
Where does intramembranous ossification occur? What are the initial and final types of bone formed?
Occurs within connective tissue membranes (e.g. skull bones) Woven bone, lamellar bone
33
Where does endochondral ossification occur? What are the initial and final types of bone formed?
Within a cartilage template. Woven bone, lamellar bone
34
What are the 3 embryonic precursor tissues of bone, inner->outer?
Endoderm (skin epidermis) Mesoderm (bones except facial) Ectoderm (digestive system lining)
35
What are the 4 stages of intramembranous ossification?
1) Mesenchymal cells differentiate into osteoprogenitor cells 2) Osteoprogenitor cells differentiate into osteoblasts 3) Osteoblasts form woven bone matrix 4) Woven bone matrix eventually becomes trabeculae or the outer layer of lamellar compact bone
36
What are the 5 stages of endochondral ossification?
1) Mesenchymal cells aggregate and become osteochondral cells at ~weeks of development 2) Osteochondral cells differentiate to become chondroblasts that form a cartilage framework 3) Blood vessels invade the framework and osteochondral cells in the perichondrium differentiate into osteoblasts 4) The osteoblasts move into the calcified cartilage framework and deposit a new bone matrix. (May start ~8 weeks) 5) Osteoblasts and osteocytes produce woven bone which is then remodelled. May continue until about 18-20 years of age.
37
How is bone classified? What are its two classifications?
Amount of matrix contained Spongy Compact
38
What is spongy bone also known as?
Cancellous bone Trabecular bone
39
What are the characteristics of spongy bone? Where are some places that it would be found?
Appears porous Contains columns of bone (trabeculae) Usually surrounded by sleeve of compact bone Weight-bearing Found in spine, all articulating joints
40
What is compact bone also known as?
Cortical bone
41
What is the basic unit of compact bone?
Osteon
42
What are the characteristics of compact bone? How is it vasculated?
Contains circumferential and interstitial lamellae Vasculated by perforating canals
43
How are nutrients and waste moves around in compact bone?
Via interstitial fluid of lacunae and canaliculi Between osteocytes by gap junctions
44
What is the path of the blood supply to bones?
1) 1/2 of nutrient arteries pass through the periosteum into the medulla 2) Medullary artery branches into ascending and descending 3) Blood passes into the capillaries via perforating canals 4) Central canal of an ostean 5) Path reverses into a venous system
45
What are the characteristics of flat bone?
No diaphysis No epiphysis "Sandwich" of spongy bone between compact bone
46
What are the characteristics of short & irregular bones?
No diaphysis Not elongated Compact bone surrounding spongy bone centre
47
What are 8 key long bone structures?
Diaphysis Epiphysis Epiphyseal plate Epiphyseal line Medullary cavity Periosteum Sharpey's fibres Endosteum
48
What is the diaphysis?
A shaft of largely compact bone
49
What is the epiphysis?
The enlarged end of a long bone, mostly spongy bone
50
What is the epiphyseal plate also known as? What is it?
AKA growth plate Band of cartilage left between primary and secondary ossification centres, which is progressively converted to bone as the bone ages. When all of the cartilage becomes bone, it is then an epiphyseal line
51
What is an epiphyseal line?
The location of a former epiphyseal plate, where all the cartilage has been replaced by bone and the bone stops growing in length.
52
What does the medullary cavity contain?
Red marrow in children. Gradually changes to yellow in limb bones (except epiphyses of long bones), and remains red in the rest.
53
What is the periosteum?
A bilayer of connective tissue surrounding the bone. Outer layer is fibrous, inner is single layer of bone cells.
54
What are Sharpey's fibres?
Periosteal fibres which penetrate through the periosteum and into the bone. They strengthen the attachment of tendons to bone
55
What is the endosteum? Where is it found?
Protective layer similar to the periosteum, but more cellular. Found in all internal spaces, inc. spaces in spongy bone
56
What is the effect of vitamin D deficiency on bones?
Can cause rickets (affects children's teeth and bones) Can make bones soft
57
What is the effect of vitamin C deficiency on bones?
Can lead to scurvy, which is associated with teeth falling out and poor wound healing
58
Vitamin A excess has a ______ on bones
negative
59
What is the recommended daily calcium intake for men and women <50?
1,000mg per day
60
What is the recommended daily calcium intake for men >50 vs. women >50?
1,200 mg per day for men 1,300 mg per day for women
ISAP
flashcards
Decks in class (10)
# Cards
Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2026 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions