2) Ethics, Stats

Question 1

What are the three core ethical principles?

Answer 1

1. Beneficence & concern for welfare
2. Autonomy & respect for persons
3. Justice

Question 2

Beneficence & Concern for welfare

Answer 2

Consider the Risks & Benefits
- maximize benefits and minimize harm

1. Benefits of participation
2. Consequences of not doing research
3. Risks of participation
4. Confidentiality

Question 3

Autonomy & Respect for persons

Answer 3

Informed Consent

• given in advance, all aspects of research that might influence decision to participate
• ensure autonomy (ability to make one’s own decision about participation)
• protect minors, cognitively impaired, and disabled
• decision is free from coercion

Question 4

All aspects of research given in informed consent

Answer 4

• purpose
• procedures
• risks & benefits
• rights to refuse & terminate participation
• compensation
• confidentiality
• contact info
• ethics

Question 5

Justice

Answer 5

Selection of Participants

• Treat people fairly & equitably by distributing benefits / burdens of participating in research
• Inclusion & exclusion of groups must be scientifically justifiable
• Can’t have one group bear all the burden of research
• Group that is studied must receive benefits from the study

ex/ drug to cure cancer study, ppl in study should get the treatment first if successful

Question 6

Debriefing

Answer 6

process where researchers inform participants what the study was about

• Sometimes explain hypotheses
• Needed especially if study involves use of deception or withholding hypothesis
• Research study should be a learning experience for participants too!

Question 7

Describe the controversy around animal research

Answer 7

Clear benefits in our understanding of learning, brain parts, treatments

No good alternatives to using animals

Emphasize the need for adequate housing and feeding conditions

Question is whether animal research offers enough external validity to justify its use

Question 7

What is the purpose of descriptive statistics?

Answer 7

• Summarizes mass of data points
• Help with understanding and interpretation
• Visual displays and make appropriate calculations

Question 7

Descriptive statistics in experiments vs correlational designs

Answer 7

compare averages between groups
vs
describe magnitude and size of relationship between two variables

Question 8

What are the measures of central tendency?

Answer 8

Mean, median, mode

Question 9

Mode

Answer 9

most frequently occurring score
- used for ordinal variables
- don’t take numerical value but can count them

Question 10

Median

Answer 10

• Score that divides group in half
• Useful when an equal number of people score higher and lower

Question 11

Mean

Answer 11

Arithmetic average
- what we usually use

Question 12

What are the pros and cons of the mean?

Answer 12

pros
- maximizes use of all of data (unlike median and mode)
- has mathematical properties that allow us to use in statistical analysis

cons
- affected by outliers

Question 13

What measure of central tendency is most affected by outliers? What can we use instead?

Answer 13

• mean is most affected
• use median if there are outliers

Question 14

What can we do so that the mean is less affected by outliers?

Answer 14

increase the sample size

Question 15

Can there be more than one mode?

Answer 15

yes
- we can have none, one, or more than one mode

Question 16

Variability

Answer 16

Spread in a distribution of scores
i.e. differences from average

Question 17

Measures of variability

Answer 17

Range
- more intuitive measure of variability but can be deceptive

Standard deviation
- better measure of variability but more difficult to calculate

Question 18

Are there units in standard deviation?

Answer 18

nope
standardized means removed units of measure

Question 19

A group with greater spread will have a ____ standard deviation

Answer 19

higher
graph is lower / more spread out

Question 20

What is a normal range?

Answer 20

within one standard deviation of the mean
(that’s 68% of scores on a normal distribution)

Question 21

Identify the 3 skills for evaluating psychological claims

Answer 21

1. consider the source
2. Be on lookout for excessive sharpening & levelling
3. Seemingly balanced coverage / pseudosymmetry
   - unreliable experts talking to both sides of issue

Question 22

What is sharpening & levelling?

Answer 22

Sharpening is the tendency to exaggerate the central message or gist of a study

Levelling is tendency to minimize the less central details of a study

This brings out most important facts into sharper focus (good in moderation)

Question 22

pesudosymmetry

Answer 22

appearance of scientific controversy when none exists

Question 23

Replicability vs reproducibility

Answer 23

Replicability is obtaining consistent results using same methods but collecting different data Reproducibility is reanalyzing the same data to see if u get the same results

Question 24

Which correlation suggests the strongest relationship? A) +0.01 B) -0.99 C) +0.87 D) -0.35

Answer 24

B

Question 25

A well-designed experiment has ____ internal validity

Answer 25

high

Question 26

People who exercise more will score higher on math test Conditions: run 6 hrs outside vs run 3 hrs in gym What are the IV, DV, and confound?

Answer 26

IV: Amount of exercise DV: test performance Confound: running outside or inside

Question 27

Which design(s) is sample size less of a concern?

Answer 27

Case Study

Question 28

Which design(s) uses random assignment?

Answer 28

Experimental only!

Question 29

Which design(s) may use random sampling?

Answer 29

Experimental Correlational maybe quasi-experimental

Question 30

Which design has the highest internal validity?

Answer 30

Experimental

Question 31

Which design has the highest external validity?

Answer 31

Naturalistic observation

Question 32

In order to examine the effects of malnutrition, dental services were withheld for a number of years. This violates the principle of: A) Respect for persons B) Concern for welfare C) Justice D) Autonomy E) Two of the above

Answer 32

B

Question 33

Findings from the study suggesting the importance of vitamins and nutrition never benefited the participants of the studies. This violates the principle of A) Respect for persons B) Concern for welfare C) Justice D) Autonomy E) Two of the above

Answer 33

C

Question 34

Subjects in the vitamin experiments were not permitted a choice concerning participation. A) Respect for persons B) Concern for welfare C) Justice D) Autonomy E) Two of the above

Answer 34

E

Question 35

What is the key to generalizability?

Answer 35

random selection

Question 36

Research design make use of [ ] thinking because scientific reasoning requires us to question our [ ]

Answer 36

analytical // intuitions