2-memory

Question 1

capacity

Answer 1

how much information can be stored

Question 2

duration

Answer 2

how long information can be stored

Question 3

coding

Answer 3

what form is the information stored in

Question 4

STM duration

Answer 4

18-20 seconds (Peterson and Peterson study)

Question 5

STM capacity

Answer 5

7±2 (5-9) items (Jacobs study)

Question 6

STM encoding

Answer 6

mainly acoustic (Baddeley study)

Question 7

LTM duration

Answer 7

up to a lifetime (Bahrick study)

Question 8

LTM capacity

Answer 8

unlimited (no study)

Question 9

LTM encoding

Answer 9

mainly semantic (Baddeley study)

Question 10

the multi store model + who developed it?

Answer 10

a model of how memory works with three stores: sensory register, STM, LTM developed by Atkinson and Shiffrin

Question 11

sensory register

Answer 11

where information is received and held from the environment through the five senses

Question 12

sensory register duration

Answer 12

millisecond

Question 13

sensory register capacity

Answer 13

very high

Question 14

sensory register encoding

Answer 14

depends on type of information

Question 15

episodic memory

Answer 15

a LTM store for personal events (episodes)
- time stamped
- requires a conscious effort to recall
eg: memories of holidays

Question 16

semantic memory

Answer 16

a LTM store for knowledge of the world
- not time stamped
- requires a conscious effort to recall
eg: facts, meaning of words

Question 17

procedural memory

Answer 17

a LTM store for actions and skills
- not time stamped
- recalled without effort or awareness
eg: riding a bike

Question 18

the working memory model + who developed it?

Answer 18

a model of how the STM works with 4 main components: central executive, phonological loop, visuo-spatial sketchpad, episodic buffer, developed by Baddeley and Hitch

Question 19

central executive

Answer 19

• controls the working memory
• decides what info should receive attention
• decides what slave system is needed to process and carry out a task

Question 20

phonological loop

Answer 20

stores and processes word-based info
- Phonological store- stores auditory information
- Articulatory process- enables maintenance rehearsal

Question 21

visuo-spatial sketchpad

Answer 21

stores and processes visual and spatial information

Question 22

episodic buffer

Answer 22

helps integrate information together across stores

Question 23

dual tasking

Answer 23

the ability to perform two tasks simultaneously

Question 24

interference

Answer 24

when one memory affects our ability to remember another

Question 25

proactive interference

Answer 25

when older memories disrupt the recall of newer memories

Question 26

retroactive interference

Answer 26

when newer memories disrupt the recall of older memories

Question 27

when is interference more likely?

Answer 27

- when two memories are similar - when the gap between learning the two memories is short

Question 28

retrieval failure

Answer 28

when an individual forgets due to the absence of cues needed to trigger the memory

Question 29

context-dependent forgetting

Answer 29

when the environment at recall is different from when learnt

Question 30

state-dependent forgetting

Answer 30

when an individual's mood or state during recall is different from when learnt

Question 31

misleading information

Answer 31

incorrect information given to an eyewitness after an event

Question 32

leading question

Answer 32

a question that suggests a certain answer because of the way it is phrased

Question 33

post-event discussion

Answer 33

when witnesses discuss what they have seen influencing their accuracy

Question 34

the Yerkes-Dodson law of anxiety

Answer 34

recall accuracy improves with a moderate amount of stress or anxiety, but too much or too little can cause a decline

Question 35

the cognitive interview

Answer 35

a method of interviewing eyewitnesses to help them retrieve more accurate memories

Question 36

4 main techniques in the cognitive interview

Answer 36

- report everything - reinstate the context - reverse the order - change perspective

Question 37

CI: report everything

Answer 37

include every detail even if it seems irrelevant as they may trigger other more important memories

Question 38

CI: reinstate the context

Answer 38

return to the original crime scene in their mind and relates to context-dependent memory

Question 39

CI: reverse the order

Answer 39

events should be recalled in different orders as to prevent people reporting their expectations of how the event happened

Question 40

CI: change perspective

Answer 40

recall the incident from other people's perspectives to prevent assumptions of what happened from your point of view