2. Molecular Genetics

Question 1

Cytogenetics

Answer 1

study of chromosomes and karyotypes

Question 2

Karyotype

Answer 2

set of chromosomes in cells, image of chromosomes

Question 3

Chromatid

Answer 3

one “copy” of a chromosome, formed from chromatin

Question 4

Sister chromatids

Answer 4

identical copies of a chromosome, two are present to form one “chromosome,” only present during meiosis/mitosis

Question 5

Haploid

Answer 5

half of the chromosomes in a cell, 23 in gametes, do not have homologous pairs

Question 6

Diploid

Answer 6

all of the chromosomes in a cell, 46 in human cells, have homologous pairs

Question 7

p

Answer 7

short arm

Question 8

q

Answer 8

long arm

Question 9

Euchromatin

Answer 9

light spots on chromosome, more expressed

Question 10

Heterochromatin

Answer 10

dark spots on chromosome, less expressed

Question 11

Centromere

Answer 11

center of chromosome

Question 12

Telomeres

Answer 12

ends of chromosomes, slowly shorten throughout life and lead to aging

Question 13

Telocentric

Answer 13

centromere at the telomeres, not seen in humans

Question 14

Acrocentric

Answer 14

centromere slightly below telomeres, looks like telocentric on karyotype

Question 15

Submetacentric

Answer 15

centromere just above the center

Question 16

Metacentric

Answer 16

centromere in the middle

Question 17

Nucleotide

Answer 17

phosphate group, sugar base, nitrogenous base

Question 18

DNA

Answer 18

complementary, antiparallel, double-helix

Question 19

Antiparallel

Answer 19

one strand runs 5’-3’, other strand runs 3’-5’

Question 20

Nucleosome

Answer 20

DNA wrapped around histones

Question 21

Chromatin

Answer 21

stacked nucleosomes

Question 22

Chromosome

Answer 22

DNA separated into different parts

Question 23

DNA Polymerase

Answer 23

builds 5’-3’, so will build off of DNA strand that reads 3’-5’

Question 24

Helicase

Answer 24

unwinds DNA

Question 25

Okazaki fragment

Answer 25

lagging strand in DNA replication, DNA polymerase can only build one way and towards the replication fork, forming fragments

Question 26

Central Dogma

Answer 26

DNA --> RNA --> Protein

Question 27

Exons

Answer 27

sections of DNA that get expressed in mRNA strand, code for protein

Question 28

Introns

Answer 28

noncoding regions of DNA, get spliced out after transcription, do not code for a protein

Question 29

Hybrid chromosomes

Answer 29

chromosomes with DNA from both parents, due to crossover during meiosis

Question 30

Crossover

Answer 30

when homologous chromosomes overlap and exchange DNA, results in genetic diversity

Question 31

Linkage maps

Answer 31

can determine which traits don't follow law of independent assortment