1
Q
Type intestinal bowel obstructions (7)
A
- Strangulated inguinal hernia
- Adhesions
3.Ileocaecal intussusception - Intussesception from polyps
- Mesenteric occlusion
- Tumour
- Volvulus of Sigmoid colon
2
Q
What happens above the obstruction
A
Fluid gas and all intestinal contain accumulate above the obstruction
3
Q
What do you think when someone says hypovolemic shock
A
Fluid loss causes the heart to stop pumping enough blood around the body
Leading to…..
Low blood pressure
low body Temperature
Rapid pulse in often weekend thredy
4
Q
What is an inflammation ?
A
A cellular response that occurs when cells are injured
5
Q
The 3 inflammatory phases
A
- To neutralise and destroy harmful agents
- Limit the spread of these harmful agents to healthy tissue.
- Prepare damaged tissue for repair
6
Q
An infection is….
A
A true pathogens circumventing the body’s defence system by their sheer numbers
7
Q
Name a organisms that live in the human body that are mostly harmless
A
E-coli that lives in the gut
8
Q
Name 6 or more factors that make an individual more susceptible to infection.
A
Age
geological location
environment
genetic /medical history
lifestyle choices
individuals immune response
immunisations
9
Q
Name of Five Ways microorganisms enter the body
A
Inhalation
ingestion
direct contact
therapeutic
Bite
10
Q
Morphological changes?
A
Changes that happen at a cellular level that can happen gradually over time.
11
Q
Name the three types of morphological changes with examples
A
Reversible change e.g., injury
Cell adaption e.g., atrophy of muscles
irreversible change e.g., necrosis
12
Q
What is an obstruction?
A
Something that gets blocked or clogged preventing anything from passing. E.g., blood clot.
13
Q
What 3 things can causes obstruction?
A
Inflammation
Infection
Morphological changes
14
Q
Where do obstructions occur
A
Anywhere something travels through something else e.g.,
Intestinal tract
Vascular tract
lymphatic tract
Respiratory tract
15
Q
What factors affect our susceptibility and recovery from infections? (4)
A
Nutrition
Behaviour
Belief and attitudes
Type of microorganism
16
Q
What 4 components make-up are immune defence? ( incorrect!)
A
1.External barriers. e.g., skin
2.Innate internal immunity which is made up of cells and hormone factors
- This system link in closely to our inflammatory response and our adaptive immunity.???
17
Q
List the components of the innate immunity system
A
Innate immunity.
1. Generally early defence
2. Not antigen-specific
3. Not affected by repeated exposure
18
Q
List the components that make up the adaptive immune system.
A
Adaptive immunity.
1. Generally a later response
2. Is antigen specific
3. Results in immunology memory
19
Q
Give a example of the body’s external biochemical defences
A
Lysozyme which is secreted in the saliva and from the tear ducks.
20
Q
Give an example of the bodies external biophysical defence
A
Acid in the stomach and skin
21
Q
Give an example of a cell that performs phagocytosis (3)
A
A Leukocyte cell, Macrophages cells neutrophils cell
22
Q
What is the complement system?
A
It is a set of blood proteins that work ar activaing the enzyme cascade when a foreign organism/cell is detected
23
Q
What are the three way neutrophils recognise bacteria foreign organisms?
A
- The neutrophils have receptors on the surface that recognise bacteria cells and other foreign bodies
- Opsonisation by the complement system which will bind a, compound called c3b which finds the surface of any foreign bodies allowing the neutrophils to find it easier
- Coat the foreign body with antibodies which will allow the neutrophil to sense the FC region ( te land of the antibody)
24
Q
What is your interferon system
A
Your interferon system is used to eliminate viruses as they do not have foreign bodies and infect host cells meaning they are not recognised by cells that phagocytosed. e.g Neutrophil.
25
How does the interferon system work? (3 steps)
1.An infected cell will release interferon molecules.
2.The interferon molecules will bind to uninfected cells.
3.This causes the uninfected cells to change their proteins making it harder for the virus to enter the other cells.
26
What is pharmacology
The study of substances that interact with lifesystems through chemical processes and affect the body's systems and function
27
Terminology
1.Ectomy=
2.Ostomy=
3 Otomy=
4.Orraphy=
5.Oscopy=
1. Removal of
2. Opening of bladder or intestines
3. Opening of
4. Repair of
5.To look at
28
What is an adhesion in the intestines?
An adhesion is a irregular band of scars that formed between bowel Loops.
29
Give an example of a non-mechanical obstruction
Paralytic ileus which can be a result of neuromuscular of vascular disorder.
30
What is a Volvulus of Sigmoid colon?
When the intestines get twisted around themselves.
31
What is a Intussesception?
Where one part of the intestine goes into a other.
32
Strangulated inguinal hernia
A part of the intestines becomes trapped and the opening of the abdominal wall cutting off blood supply
33
Mesenteric occlusion
Definition is an occlusion of the arterial vascular supply to the intestinal system
34
Nursing assessment for bowel obstruction
1.Take a detailed history using objective and subjective data
2. Perform a pain assessment.
3. Listen to bowel sounds
4. Ask about input and outlet of fluids.
5.Perform ippa
35
Verbal assessment for an intestinal problems ( don't memorise)
1. Changes in appetite
2.difficulty swallowing
3.any foods that you can't tell her right or find difficult eating
4.any nausea or vomiting aside from the first time
5. are your bowel movements back to normal for you
6. do you have a past history of bowel obstructions or disease
7. can you tell me about your intake of water and food e.g., how much have you had to eat today
8. any other medical history we should be aware
9. are you taking any medications at the moment
36
Name 6 lower GI inflammatory disorders
Appendicitis
diverticulosis
irritable bowel syndrome
peritonitis (per-ton-i-t-es)
inflammatory bowel disease
GI malabsorption
37
itis at the end of the word stands for
Information of
38
What is appendicitis
what causes an appendicitis
what are some of the symptoms
what tests need to be run
what is the treatment
what should you not give the patient
what are the possible complications
Inflammation of the appendix wall
obstruction of the Lumen
Nausea, Vomiting, Shifting pain to the lower right quadrant, Patient guards the area, Both tenderness and rebound tenderness
examination white blood cell count urinalysis ct ultrasound
Appendectomy
laxatives!
Rupture, pertonitis and abscess
39
What is Diverticulitis
what causes an Diverticulitis
what are some of the symptoms
what tests need to be run
what is the treatment (*general and acute)
what should you not give the patient
what are the possible complications
Diverticuli is the lining of the intestinal tract Diverticulitis is when this is inflamed
this is usually caused by low fibre diet intake
symptoms include acute lower left quadrant pain, Palpable infection markers, altered bowel movements
Test; this would be history physical exam blood CT and contrast
treatment
( general)= high fibre diet activity weight management still softener clear liquid diet
(acute) breast colon inflammatory management oral antibiotics, NBM, surgery if there is an abscess or obstruction.
Complications could be diverticular bleeding, abscess, perforation into peritoneum.
40
Diverticulosis turns into diverticulitis how?
The diverticular of the becomes inflamed
41
What is Peritonitis
what causes an Peritonitis
what are some of the symptoms
what tests need to be run
what is the treatment
what should you not give the patient
what are the possible complications
Peritonitis is inflammation of the peritoneum
this is caused primarily by organisms invading the abdomen
signs and symptoms include severe abdominal pain tenderness over involved area distension of the abdomen rebound tenderness spasms and fever
test bloods abdo x-ray and CT ultrasound peritoneoscopy
treatments, medical management e.g.,NG tube pain relief IV fluids, surgery
complications May include sepsis hypervoemic shock.
42
What is Inflammatory bowel disease
what causes an Inflammatory bowel disease
what are some of the symptoms
what tests need to be run
what is the treatment
what should you not give the patient
what are the possible complications
Inflammatory bowel disease (Crohn's disease) information of the ileum and colon.
signs and symptoms diarrhoea weight loss abdomen pain fever.
Test include blood capsule endoscopy barium contrast colonoscopy sigmoidoscopy
treatment; medication nutritional management dietary adjustments inflammatory management stress management smoking cessation and surgery
43
What is Inflammatory bowel disease
what causes an Inflammatory bowel disease
what are some of the symptoms
what tests need to be run
what is the treatment
what should you not give the patient
what are the possible complications
Inflammatory bowel disease (ulcerative colitis) impact on the large bowel mucosal and submucosal rectum and tracks up.
Signs and symptoms; bloody stool diarrhoea rectal bleeding abdominal pain
Test include blood capsule endoscopy barium contrast colonoscopy sigmoidoscopy
treatment; medication nutritional management dietary adjustments inflammatory management stress management smoking cessation and surgery
44
What is Coeliac disease
what causes an Coeliac disease
what are some of the symptoms
what tests need to be run
what is the treatment
If need what should you not give the patient
what are the possible complications
An immune reaction to eating gluten
a genetic predisposition gluten ingestion, immune mediated response
symptoms include iron deficiency anaemia multiple others that are age related
test includes small intestine biopsy before and after genotyping for antigens
treatment gluten-free diet, cortical steroids
complications include non Hodgkin's lymphoma risk and GI cancers
45
What is lymphoma?
A cancer of the lymphatic system
46
What is multiplication
Impaired of sorption of fats carbs proteins minerals and vitamins
there are multiple causes including fire chemical and enzymatic e.g., lactase deficiency lymphatic or vascular e.g., heart failure and Mandy Moore
testing and clue still test bloods hydrogen breath test, CT endoscopy with small bowel biopsy
based on early identification helps prevent complications
47
What is irritable bowel syndrome
What is the cause
Intestinal disorder
cause unknown food allergies or stress?
Symptoms include abdominal pain altered bowel patterns diarrhoea constipation and flatulence and sleep disbalance
testing includes patient history and description of symptoms test and as differential diagnosis
treatment includes dietary physical plans and medication
48
What causes hepatitis inflammation of the liver?
Drugs alcohol chemicals autoimmune diseases metabolic abnormalities
49
Acute information of the liver may cause what?
Liver damage by way of lysis of infected cells
Cholestasis; in which the flow of bile from the liver stops or slows
liver cells can regenerate after resolution of the infection
50
A chronic inflammation of the liver can cause what
Chronic infections can cause fibrosis and progressed cirrhosis
antigen activate the complement system manifesting as rash arthritis fever and more
51
What are some signs and symptoms of liver inflammation
Anorexia weight loss, fatigue nausea vomiting abdominal discomfort, decreased sense of smell, headache low grade fever skin rashes
52
What is asthma
It's a chronic inflammatory condition
53
What is the atopic triad made up of?
Asthma
Atopic dermatitis ( eczema)
allergic rhinitis (ri-nigth-es)
54
Samter's triad made up of what?
Asthma
nasal polyps
aspirin sensitivity
55
What are some triggers for Bronco inflammation
Dust mites
a pets hair
cold
exercise
viral upper respiratory tract infections (URI)
Smoking
56
What is pharmacodynamics
What a drug does to the body
57
What does it take for medication to affect the body
The medication needs to bind to cells
58
What are the 4 most common proteins for medications to bind to
Enzymes
carrier proteins
ion channels
receptors
59
Receptive features (4)
receptor has at least one binding site
chemicals call which bind to the receptors are also known as ligands
finding of leggings inside or outside the results in activation of intracellular pathways
medications can act by promoting or inhabiting the signal transduction
60
What are the four main groups of receptors
Link to ion channels
Link 2G proteins
Linked to certain enzymes
nuclear or intracellular receptor
61
There are 3 types of agonist what are they? What do they do?
Full= full response
Partial= some response
Agonist= does nothing but stop anything else from finding
Inverse= turns off the receptor
62
Name the competitive and non competitive agonist (3) with an example of a drug for each
Competitive reversible (loratidine)
competitive irreversible(clopidogrel
non-competitive(verapamil)
63
Describe reversible and irreversible competitive antagonism.
They both have the same binding site meaning they compete for it.
Reversible Agnes bind and then release from the site irreversible agonist do not
64
The difference between endogenous and exogenous
Endogenous is when healthy gut bacteria and up and somewhere it shouldn't causing symptoms such as vomiting and diarrhoea
exogenous is when you have ingested a harmful microorganism causing symptoms such as vomiting and diarrhoea
65
What's is the main difference between bronchitis and asthma?
1. Bronchitis produces far more mucus that asthma does
66
What structures make up the cardiovascular system
Heart
veins
arteries
valves
67
What is the function of the cardiovascular system
The functions of the cardiovascular system supplies your body with oxygen and nutrients as well as carrying CO2 and other waste away for disposal.
68
Where and what is the pacemaker of the heart located
The pacemaker of the heart is the sinoatrial node also known as SA node and it is located in the right atrium
69
What is preload
Also known as left ventricular end diastolic pressure.
Is the amount of ventricular stretch at the end of diastole.
70
What is afterload
Afterload is the pressure that the heat must work against to eject blood during systole ( ventricular contraction)
71
What is cardiac output
Cardiac output is the amount of blood your heart pumps each minute
72
Which two variables determine cardiac output
Cardiac output = stroke volume x heart rate
73
What are three causes of electrical dysfunction in the heart
Atrial fibrillation
arrhythmia
cardiac arrest
74
What are 4 causes of mechanical dysfunction in the heart
Hypertension
heart failure ( backlog of fluid into the heart)
myocardial infraction (heart attack)
Cardiomyopathy ( enlarged heart.)
75
What are the 3 causes of dysfunction
Rheumatic fever
mitral regurgitation (back flow)
aortic stenosis (not closing right)
76
What are the three causes of blood vessel dysfunction near the heart
Coronary artery disease
Peripheral vascular disease
Deep vein thrombosis
77
What is a common medication given to people who are living with AF
Warfarin
78
What is blood pressure?
Is the force of the blood pushing against the inner walls of the blood vessel.
79
Severity of stroke depends on what 3 things?
Size
Location
Damage
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