TC AIM RAC 2.8.1 > Class A Airspace
Class A airspace is designated where an operational need exists to exclude VFR aircraft.
All operations must be conducted under Instrument Flight Rules and are subject to ATC clearances and instructions. ATC separation is provided to all aircraft.
All aircraft operating in Class A airspace must be equipped with a transponder and automatic pressure altitude reporting equipment, including ADS-B,
TC AIM RAC 2.8.6 > Class F Airspace
Class F airspace is airspace of defined dimensions within which activities must be confined because of their nature, and within which limitations may be imposed upon aircraft operations that are not a part of those activities.
Class F airspace may be restricted airspace, advisory airspace, military operations areas, or danger areas and can be controlled airspace, uncontrolled airspace, or a combination of both. An advisory area, for example, may have the floor in uncontrolled airspace and the ceiling in controlled airspace. The significance, in this instance, is that the weather minima would be different in the controlled and uncontrolled portions.
Unless otherwise specified, the rules for the surrounding airspace apply in areas of Class F airspace, no matter if these areas are active or inactive.
Class F airspace is designated in the DAH (TP 1820) and published on the appropriate aeronautical charts.
How does VOR work?
- Emits 360 radials
- Pilots can tune in equipment in the cockpit, and it gives them a to/from; reception is subject to line-of-sight restrictions
- Range varies with aircraft altitude, e.g., at 1500 feet AGL range is about 50 NM
- Above FL300 the range could be up to 150 NM or more
- Very accurate
- Each VOR has its own frequency operating in the VHF band
- Identified on charts by three letter identifiers, e.g. YEZ
What is the VOR used for?
- Enroute navigation (including airways)
- IFR approaches
How does DME work?
- Functions by way of two-way transmission
- Usually co-located with a VOR (VOR/DME) and may be co-located with an ILS and referred to as a channel. A channel is given to each DME station and identifies its transmitting frequency.
- Reference: CFS and enroute IFR charts
What is the DME used for?
- Provides continuous distance information to the pilot in nautical miles
- Ground based, usually associated with a VOR but can be stand alone
- Gives distance from wherever the DME is located on the ground
How does NDB work?
- Transmitter with antennae that radiates a non-directional pattern within the low frequency (LF) and medium (MF) bands
- Subject to weather interference
- Subject to night interference
- Identified on charts by 2 or 3 letter or number indicators
What is the NDB used for?
- Enroute navigation – basis of the LF/MF airway and air route system (coloured airways)
- IFR approaches
- Functions as a marker beacon for an ILS, can be an approach aid for a non-precision approach
How does GNSS work?
- A satellite navigation or SATNAV system consists of satellites that provide autonomous geo-spatial positioning with global coverage. Small electronic receivers determine their location (longitude,
latitude, and altitude) to within a few metres using time signals transmitted along a line-of-sight by radio from satellites. - GNSS is both a space-based and a ground-based system. The U.S. system consists of 31 satellites in 6 different orbital planes. It is the most widely used navigation system in the world. It provides
latitude, longitude, altitude, and velocity (ground speed). The GNSS is more accurate than the more traditional methods of navigation such as VOR. Ground stations are used only for monitoring and
correcting satellite signals. - GNSS is quickly replacing ground-based navigational systems. However, current GNSS requires the retention of traditional ground aids as a backup. As GNSS evolves and meets requirements we will see ground aids become less necessary.
What is GNSS used for?
- Navigation for either airway or point-to-point navigation (direct routes and fuel saving routes)
- GNSS Direct Routes
Lines of latitude are always the same distance.
One minute of latitude = 1 nautical mile
one degree = 60 nautical miles (68.707 statute miles)
60 seconds = 1 minute
60 minutes = 1 degree
There are two common ways to record latitude and longitude:
Degrees, minutes, and seconds
Degrees and decimal degrees
Methods of Recording a Latitude and Longitude Position
Degrees/minutes/seconds
Decimal Degrees
Hybrid
MATS ACC > ATS Surveillance > ATS Surveillance Equipment > Situation Display > Altitude Filters
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Select altitude filters that include, as a minimum, the following limits:
- The altitudes normally within the jurisdiction of your sector
- The first usable altitude in any vertically adjoining airspace under the jurisdiction of another controller, plus 200 feet beyond that altitude
- If the boundary between vertically adjoined sectors is in RVSM airspace, 2,000 feet plus 200 feet
MATS ACC > Service Fundamentals > Unit Fundamentals > Publications
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Comply with:
- Unit procedures (They may supplement, but not contradict, procedures in this manual.)
- Directives
- Information Bulletins
- Director Approval Letters (DAL)
- Information Circulars (AIC)
- Memorandums
- Agreements
- Arrangements
- Other items, as required
ATSAMM – Glossary
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AGREEMENT
An administrative or operational accord between NAV CANADA and one or more outside parties regarding the provision of Air Traffic Services.
Agreement: between NAV CANADA and an outside agency
ATSAMM – Glossary
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ARRANGEMENT
An administrative or operational accord between NAV CANADA units regarding the provision of Air Traffic Services
Arrangement: between NAV CANADA and NAV CANADA
ATSAMM > Accords > Accord Rules and Requirements > Rules for Accords
Service delivery directors and managers are responsible to ensure accords are established when it is necessary to:
- Set out responsibilities for the provision of air traffic services.
- Delegate responsibility for airspace or define conditions for its use.
- Detail coordination requirements.
- Establish procedures for standard operating practices that supplement the basic requirements as published in MATS or other directives.
- Define procedures for other operational reasons offering a benefit to NAV CANADA units or outside parties.
ATSAMM > Unit Documentation > Local Operations Directives and Memos > Rules for Operations Directives and Staff Memos
The unit manager is responsible to follow the Issue Unit Directives mandatory process to develop and issue direction and information required for the efficient administration and operation of the unit in one of the following ways:
Operations directive
Staff memo
What Information is in an Operations Directive?
Operations directives may supplement but not contradict MATS, and are used for information related to any of the following:
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- Provision of air traffic services
- Operation of aircraft, such as aircraft operating characteristics
- Amendment of current operations directives or unit documentation
- Annual reminders about seasonal operations such as snow removal, de-icing, forest firefighting, thunderstorm procedures, or runway maintenance.
What Information is in a Staff Memo?
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Staff memos are used for information of a non-operational nature
- employee relations
- unit housekeeping
- administrative practices.
Danger and restricted areas may see the following types of activity:
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- High speed military exercises
- Drug patrol
- Intercept operations
- Live firing
- Fisheries patrol
- Naval activity
- High speed military exercises
TC AIM RAC 2.8.6.4 > Restricted Airspace
A restricted area is airspace of defined dimensions above the land areas or territorial waters within which the flight of aircraft is restricted in accordance with certain specified conditions. Restricted airspace is designated for safety purposes when the level or type of aerial activity, the surface activity, or the protection of a ground installation requires the application of restrictions within that airspace.
No person may conduct aerial activities within active Class F restricted airspace, unless permission has been obtained from the user agency. In some instances, the user agency may delegate the appropriate controlling agency the authority to approve access. IFR flights will not be cleared through active restricted areas, unless the pilot states that permission has been obtained.
The user agency is the civil or military agency or organization responsible for the activity for which the Class F airspace has been provided. It has the jurisdiction to authorize access to the airspace when it is classified restricted. The user agency must be identified for Class F restricted airspace, and where possible, it should be identified for Class F advisory airspace.
TC AIM RAC 2.8.6.2 > Danger Area (International Waters)
A danger area is Class F airspace that may be established over international waters but within Canada’s area of responsibility for providing ATS, as agreed to with ICAO. This is an airspace of defined dimensions within which activities dangerous to the flight of aircraft may exist at specified times. ATC clearances will not be issued for non participating flights to enter a danger area. Aircraft should avoid flight in danger areas unless participating in the activity taking place therein.
