a) Two aims when raising a flap. (2 marks)
- Soft tissue protection
- Provide access
b) Four things that affect flap design. (4 marks)
- Proximity to underlying nerves
- Proximity to underlying vessels
- Trauma to interdental papilla should be minimised
- Relief should be distal
- Margins should lie on sound bone
d) Three methods of debridement. (3 marks)
- Bone file or handpiece for sharp bony edges
- Mitchell’s trimmers or Victoria curette to remove soft tissue debris
- Irrigation with sterile saline
- Aspiration beneath flap
c) What else is apixaban used for? (2 )marks)
- Reduce risk of stroke
- Treatment of deep vein thrombosis
d) What blood tests would be conducted before treatment? (1 mark)
APTT
a) What are four physical features of Down’s syndrome? (4 marks)
Decreased muscle tone
Small head/ears/mouth
upward slanting eyes
Wide short hands with small fingers
b) What is the result of genetic test for downs syndrome (1 mark)
- Confirmation of brisomy of Chromosome 21
c) Two reasons they have increased periodontal disease. (2 marks) downs syndrome
Impaired phagocytic function and chemostatic responses and impaired oral finction
a) Give 3 features of parkinsons. (3 marks)
- Bradykinesia
- Rigidity
- Resting tremor
b) How does movement in parkinsons differ from other cerebellar diseases? (1 mark)
- Tremor improves on intention in Parkinsons
- Resting tremor in parkinsons and intention tremor in other cerebellar diseases
c) Reason a parkinsons patient may have a dry mouth. (1 mark
Antimuscarinic Anticholinergic Medications in Parkinson Disease to treat tremor can cause xerostomia
f) Two most important things in provision of their future care. (2 marks) parkinsons patients
Patients symptoms will get worse and access will become more difficult so need to focus on prevention and maintenance through good oral hygiene practice
Worsening oral health due to condition worsening and inability of self care
a) Define local malocclusion. (2 marks)
- A localised problem affecting either arch usually confined to one or two teeth producing undesirable occlusal relationship
b) Four reasons for abnormalities in tooth number. (4 marks)
- Hypodontia
- Supernumeraries
- Retained primary teeth
- Unscheduled tooth loss of permanent dentition
c) What position should a patient’s head be in for lateral cephalometry? (1 mark)
- Frankfort plane should be parallel to the floor
b) What do you use to bond porcelain to composite resin luting cement?
- Silane coupling agent
c) How does this (silane coupling agent) act chemically? (2 marks)
Hydroxyl group on one end of silicone molecul reacts with oxide on ceramic surface and C=C on the other end reacts with similar groups in composite
d) When would you use dual cured composite as a luting agent?
- Fibre posts
- Composite inlays
- Porcelain inlays
e) Why do you still light cure a dual cure composite? (1 mark)
- Physical properties are reduced if they are not light cured
g) How would a lab prepare metal for bonding? (1 mark)
- Sandblasting
h) What chemical agent is required to bond to metal? (1 mark)
MDP
i) What metal can be used for an acid-etch retained bridge? (1 mark)
- Non precious metal alloys i.e. CoCr, NiCr
a) Four questions you would ask about smoking? (4 marks)
- How long have you smoked?
- How many cigarettes do you smoke per day?
- Have you tried to quit before?
- Would you like support seeking resources to help quit?
b) Three things you would tell them about E-cigs? (3 marks)
- They are less harmful than cigarettes
- They are useful for quitting cigarettes as hand to mouth habit retained
- They are less expensive the cigarettes
- There is a lack of research on their long-term safety
