1
Q
What is the structure of the nucleus?
A
- Surrounded by a double membrane (nuclear envelope)
- Chromatin consists of DNA wound around histone proteins
2
Q
What is the structure of the nucleus?
A
- Nuclear envelope separates contents of the nucleus from the cell
- Pores enable larger substances (mRNA) to leave the nucleus
- Inner/outer membranes fuse together so some dissolved substances can enter
- Chromosomes contain genes
3
Q
What is the structure of the nucleolus?
A
- No membrane
- Contains RNA
4
Q
What is the structure of the rough endoplasmic reticulum?
A
- System of membranes
- Fluid filled cavities
- Continuous with the nuclear membrane
5
Q
What is the function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum?
A
- Intracellular transport system
- Cisternae forms channels for transport
- Large surface area for ribosomes
- Proteins pass through to cisternae and transported to golgi apparatus
6
Q
What is the structure of the smooth endoplasmic reticullum?
A
- System of membranes containing fluid filled cavities
- No ribosomes
7
Q
What is the functions of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?
A
- Contains enzymes to catalyse reactions for lipid metabolism
- Used for the absorption, transport and synthesis of lipids
8
Q
What is the structure of the Golgi apparatus?
A
- stack of membrane bounded flattened sacs
9
Q
What are the functions of the Golgi Apparatus?
A
- Modify proteins (adding sugars, adding lipids, folding into a 3d shape)
- Package proteins into vesicles and pinched off (stored in cell, moved to plasma membrane, incorporated into or exported out of the cell)
10
Q
What is the structure of the mitochondria?
A
- spherical/rod shape
- 2 membranes with a fluid filled gap
- inner membrane folded into cristae
- inner part is a fluid filled matrix
11
Q
What is the function of the mitochondria?
A
- site of ATP during aerobic respiration
- self replicating
- where metabolic energy takes place
12
Q
What is ATP?
A
energy currency
13
Q
What is the structure of the chloroplast?
A
- Only in plant cells
- double membrane/envelope
- inner membrane with stacks of flattened membrane sacs called thylakoids containing chlorophyll
- contains loops of DNA and starch grains
14
Q
What is a granum?
A
Stacks of thylakoids
15
Q
What is a stroma?
A
Fluid filled matrix in the chloroplasts
16
Q
What is the function of the chloroplast?
A
- site of photosynthesis
- light trapped by chlorophyll to make ATP and water
17
Q
What is the structure of the vacuole?
A
- surrounded by a membrane called a tonoplast
- contains fluid
18
Q
What is the function of the vacuole?
A
- only plant cells
- filled with water and solutes
- maintains stability
- when full pushes against cell wall to make it turgid
- supports plant in non-woody areas
19
Q
What is the structure of lysosomes?
A
- small bags
- formed from golgi apparatus
- contains hydrolytic enzymes
- lots in phagocytic cells
20
Q
What are hydrolytic enzymes?
A
Digestive
21
Q
What is the function of lysosomes?
A
- keep powerful digestive enzymes from the rest of the cell
- ingest foreign matter and return components for reuse
22
Q
What is the structure of the ribosome?
A
- Small and spherical
- made of RNA
- made in nucleolus as 2 separate subunits and passed through the nuclear and cell cytoplasm where it combines
- in cytoplasm of attached to rough endoplasmic reticulum
23
Q
What is the function of ribosomes on the RER?
A
Synthesise proteins
24
Q
What is the function of ribosomes in the cytoplasm?
A
Site of protein assembly
25
What is the structure of the centrioles?
- 2 bundles of microtubules at right angles
- made of tubulin protein subunits
- arranged in a cylinder
26
What is the function of the centrioles?
- Before cell division, spindles of tubulin threads form from centrioles (attach to chromosomes and pull apart with motor proteins during mitosis)
- form undulipodia and cilia
27
What is the structure of the cellulose cell wall?
- Outside of plasma membrane
- Bundles of cellulose fibres
28
What is the function of the cellulose cell wall?
- prevents plant cells bursting when turgid
- provide support and strength
- maintain cell shape
- permeable (allows solutions to pass through)
29
What are the 4 parts of the cytoskeleton?
- microfilaments
- intermediate filaments
- microtubule
- motor proteins
30
Describe Microfilaments
- subunits of actin
- polymers
- support
- mechanical strength
- allow cell movement
31
Describe Microtubules
- shape/support
- help movement
- track for motor proteins to travel along
- form spindle before division
- make up cilia, undulipodia and centriole
- made of tubulin
32
Describe Motor protiens
- 3 different types - myosins, kinesins, dyneins
- enzymes
- allow hydrolysis
- drag vesicles along the microtubules
33
Describe Intermediate Filaments
- variety of proteins
- anchor nucleus
- extend between cells in some tissues
- enables cell to cell signalling
34
Describe the steps for the translation and transcription of proteins
- mRNA is made by creating a copy of the genes code
- mRNA exits the nucleus through a nuclear pore
- mRNA attaches to a ribosome where the information is processed and a protein is created (translation)
- The protein is ''pinched off'' in vesicles and travels towards the golgi apparatus where it is modified
- Vesicles are pinched off from the golgi apparatus with the modified protein and travels towards the plasma membrane
- The vesicles fuses with the plasma membrane
- Exocytosis takes place and the proteins are released into the blood and taken to where they need to be
35
What are protrusions on a prokaryotic cell called?
Flagella
36
What are protrusions on a eukaryotic cell called?
Cilia and Undulipodia
37
Where are cilia found?
In the airways to the lungs in ciliated epithelial cells
38
What are the similarities of Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic cells?
- Have a plasma membrane, cytoplasm, DNA, ribosomes and RNA
39
What are the differences of Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic cells?
- Size (p smaller)
- Development of the cytoplasm (e better)
- Nucleus (p doesn't have one)
- Membrane bound organelles (p none)
- What the walls are made of
- Size of ribosomes (p smaller)
- DNA
40
What are the walls made of in a prokaryotic cell?
Peptidoglycan
41
What are the walls made of in a eukaryotic cell?
Cellulose
42
What is the DNA like in a prokaryotic cell?
- Naked
- Not round around histone proteins - just floats in cytoplasm
- Circular
43
What is the DNA like in a eukaryotic cell?
- Wound around histone proteins
- In Nucleus
- Linear
44
What do some prokaryotes also have?
- protective waxy capsule around the cell wall
- small loops of DNA (plasmids) along with large loops
- flagella
- pili (hair like protrusions
- division of binary fission
45
What is the endosymbiont theory?
Eukaryotic cell evolved from prokaryotic cells 1.5 to 2 billion years ago. This happened when some prokaryotes with infolded membranes were engulfed by other prokaryotes but not digested creating a double membrane structure.
46
What is resolution?
The ability to distinguish between two separate points and enables to see things in greater detail
47
What is magnification?
The number of times larger an image is compared to the original object
48
How does a light microscope work?
Light from a mirror is reflected up through to a specimen into the lens producing a magnification
49
What is the magnification of a light microscope?
x500-x1500
50
What is the resolution of a light microscope?
Limited as can't magnify while giving a detailed image
51
How does the golgi apparatus modify proteins?
- folding into 3D shapes
- add lipids
- add sugars
A-level Biology
flashcards
Decks in class (23)
# Cards
-
2.1 Cell structure51
-
2.2 Biological Molecules79
-
2.3 Nucleic Acids14
-
2.5 Biological membranes29
-
2.6 Cell division, diversity and differentiation4
-
3.2 Transport In Animals (and some exchange surfaces and breathing)90
-
4.1 Communicable diseases and immunity65
-
2.1 Cell Structure (spec)73
-
2.4 Enzymes (spec)38
-
Biological membranes (spec)19
-
Transport in plants6
-
Ecosystems33
-
(5.3) Neuronal Communication38
-
(5.4) Hormonal Communication22
-
(5.7) Respiration21
-
(5.2) Excretion as an example of homeostatic control43
-
(3.1) Exchange Surfaces41
-
(4.2) Biodiversity60
-
(2.2) Biological Molecules49
-
(4.1) Communicable diseases54
-
(2.1) Cell structure45
-
(3.2) Circulatory Systems68
-
(2.3) Nucleic Acids34
