2.1 Learning Sciences

Question 1

What is Malcolm Knowles known for?

Answer 1

Malcolm Knowles promoted adult learning theory, distinguishing andragogy (adult learning) from pedagogy (child learning).

Question 2

What are the assumptions of pedagogy?

Answer 2

• Instructor is the expert
• Instructor is responsible for learning process
• Instruction is content-centered
• Motivation is external

Question 3

What are the assumptions of andragogy?

Answer 3

• Adults need to know why they learn
• Learners are self-directed
• Bring experience to learning
• Seek relevance and self-improvement
• Motivated internally

Question 4

What did Carl Rogers emphasize in learner-centered instruction?

Answer 4

Learners want control, can be trusted to develop their potential, and should choose their learning type and direction.

Question 5

What are facilitator implications in Rogers’s learner-centered model?

Answer 5

• Clarify session purpose
• Provide wide range of resources
• Limit lectures and involve learners
• Show WIIFM (what’s in it for me)
• Create a safe, welcoming environment
• Guide rather than teach

Question 6

What are Maslow’s hierarchy of needs?

Answer 6

1. Physiological
2. Safety
3. Belongingness
4. Esteem
5. Self-actualization

Question 7

What are Patricia Cross’s two frameworks for adult learning?

Answer 7

1. Chain of Response (COR)
2. Characteristics of Adult Learners (CAL)

Question 8

What are the key points of Cross’s Chain of Response model?

Answer 8

• Motivation is shaped by perceptions of positive/negative forces
• Participation influences feelings about learning
• Higher-order needs depend on lower ones
• Rewards motivate learning

Question 9

What does Cross’s CAL model emphasize?

Answer 9

• Leverage participant experience
• Give adults maximum choice in learning

Question 10

What is the role of neuroscience in learning?

Answer 10

It studies thought, emotion, and behavior biologically to validate learning processes scientifically.

Question 11

What are Bloom’s three domains of learning?

Answer 11

1. Cognitive (knowledge)
2. Psychomotor (skills)
3. Affective (attitude)

Question 12

What are Bloom’s six levels of behavior?

Answer 12

Remembering, Understanding, Applying, Analyzing, Evaluating, Creating

Question 13

What are Gagné’s five types of learning?

Answer 13

1. Intellectual skills
2. Cognitive strategies
3. Verbal information
4. Motor skills
5. Attitude

Question 14

What are Gagné’s Nine Events of Instruction?

Answer 14

Gain attention, Inform objectives, Stimulate recall, Present content, Provide guidance, Elicit performance, Provide feedback, Assess performance, Enhance retention/transfer

Question 15

What are the components of Mager’s behavioral objectives?

Answer 15

Performance, Condition, Criteria

Question 16

What does Ebbinghaus’ forgetting curve show?

Answer 16

Memory decays quickly—half lost within an hour—but repetition and recall opportunities reduce forgetting.

Question 17

What is Bandura’s social cognitive theory?

Answer 17

Learning occurs by observing and modeling behaviors; modeling can shape or reduce certain behaviors.

Question 18

What is behaviorism focused on?

Answer 18

Observable behaviors, stimulus-response links, reinforcement, and external controls to shape learning.

Question 19

What are the advantages of behaviorism?

Answer 19

• Clear objectives
• Behavioral practice
• Effective for skill acquisition
• Focus on observable outcomes

Question 20

What is cognitivism focused on?

Answer 20

Internal processes—how people think, perceive, and remember. It shifts focus from behavior to mental organization.

Question 21

What are the advantages of cognitivism?

Answer 21

• Treats learners as adults
• Builds knowledge base
• Emphasizes thinking and rationale for actions

Question 22

What is constructivism?

Answer 22

Knowledge is constructed through experiences and interaction with the environment.

Question 23

What are assimilation and accommodation?

Answer 23

• Assimilation: fitting new experiences into existing frameworks
• Accommodation: altering frameworks to fit new experiences

Question 24

What are advantages of constructivism?

Answer 24

• Discovery-oriented
• Learner-centered
• Real-world relevance
• Considers individual backgrounds and culture