Cause and Effect Diagram.
- It is a tool that helps ______, ________, and _________ possible causes of a specific problem or quality characteristic.
- It __________ the relationship between a given outcome and all the factors that influence the outcome.
- (2) It is called “__________” because of ___________.
- identify, sort, display
- graphically illustrates
- (1) Ishikawa Diagram: invented by Kaoru Ishikawa
(2) Fishbone Diagram: the way it looks
Cause and Effect Diagram.
how are the (a) main goal, (b) primary factors, (c) secondary factors, (d) tertiary factors, and so on represented.
- Causes in a typical diagram are normally grouped into categories, main ones being:
(3)
- (a) main goal = main arrow/trunk
(b) primary factors = sub-arows/branches
(c) econdary factors = stems
(d) tertiary factors = leaves - (1) 6Ms: Men, Machines, Methods, Materials, Measur, Mother Nature
(2) 4Ps: Places, Procedures, People, Politics
(3) 4Ss: Surroundings, Suppliers, Systems, Skills
Cause and Effect Diagram: When to Use.
- Identify possible __________.
- __________ and relate some of the interactions.
- Analyze ___________.
- root causes
- sort out
- existing problems
Cause and Effect Diagram: Benefits.
- Helps deermine root causes.
- Encourages ____________.
- Uses an orderly, ___________ format.
- Indicates possible causes of _________.
- Increases ___________.
- Identifies areas for collecting data.
- group participation
- easy-to-read
- variation
- process knowledge
Cause and Effect Diagram: How to Use.
1. Identify the _________.
2. Work out the ___________ involved.
3. Identify the _________.
4. Analyze your diagram.
- problem
- major factors
- possible causes
It is a blank form used to collect data.
- designed for quick, easy, and efficient recording of desired information.
Check Sheet aka Tally Sheet
Pareto Chart.
- _____% of the problem causes ______% of the defects.
- It is a _________ in which values are plotted in decreasing order of relative frequency.
- Useful for analyzing what problems need attention first.
- By using _________, there can be no question about what problems are influencing outcome most.
- 20%; 80%
- vertical bar graph
- hard data
Pareto Chart: Why to Use.
- It breaks a big problem down into smaller pieces.
- It identifies the __________.
- Shows where to focus efforts.
- Allows better use of _________.
- most significant factors
- limited resources
Pareto Chart: When to Use.
- When the process you are investigating produces data that are __________ and you can ____________.
broken down into categories;
count the number of times each category occurs.
Pareto Chart: How to Use.
1. Record the _________
- list each category
- type corresponding data count.
2. _______ the data
- descending
3. Label the ___________.
- the count of each category will appear
- labels have equal intervals
- provide caption (ie. frequency)
4. Label the ___________.
- different categories will appear
- provide caption
- if too long, label them as letters/variables.
5. Plot a ______ for each category.
- raw data
- order
- left-hand vertical axis
- horizontal axis
- bar
Pareto Chart: How to Use.
6. Determine ________ each category represents.
7. Find the ________.
- add that to right hand vertical axis
8. Add a ___________.
- the line graph in relation to (7).
9. Add a ______, ________, _______.
10. Analyze the Diagram
a. anything outside the box of 80% is called __________.
b. anything inside is __________.
- Percentage
- Cumulative Percentage
- Cumulative Line
- Title, Legend, Date
10a. Significant Few
b. Insignificant Many
