237 Midterm to Final Study Cards

Question 1

Define pain.

Answer 1

vAn unpleasant sensory and emotional experience with actual or potential tissue damagev

Question 2

What is the most common reason for seeking health care?

Answer 2

Pain

Question 3

Common disorder marked by backflow of gastric or duodenal contents into the esophagus that causes troublesome symptoms and/or mucosal injury to the esophagus.

Answer 3

Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)

Question 4

What other conditions do patients with GERD often have?

Answer 4

• IBS
• Obstructive airway disorders (asthma, COPD, cystic fibrosis)
• Barrett’s Esophagus
• Peptic ulcer disease
• Angina

Question 5

Why might GERD occur?

Answer 5

• incompetent lower esophageal sphincter
• pyloric stenosis
• hiatal hernia
• motility disorder

Question 6

What is GERD associated with?

Answer 6

• tobacco use
• coffee drinking
• alcohol consumption
• H. pylori infection

Question 7

What is the most common cause of cardiovascular disease in Canada?

Answer 7

atherosclerosis

Question 8

What is atherosclerosis?

Answer 8

An abnormal accumulation of lipid, or fatty, substances and fibrous tissue in the lining of arterial blood vessel walls.

Question 9

Define dysrhythmias.

Answer 9

Disorders of the formation or conduction (or both) of the electrical impulses within the heart

Question 10

What three things can dysrhythmias cause disturbances of?

Answer 10

• Rate
• Rhythm
• Both rate and rhythm

Question 11

What is an important aspect of effective pain management?

Answer 11

establishing a trusting relationship with the patient and family.

Question 12

What is included in the Knowledge needed by a nurse regarding pain?

Answer 12

• Physiology of pain
• Factors that potentially increase or decrease responses to pain
• Pathophysiology of conditions that can cause pain
• Awareness of biases affecting pain assessment and treatment
• Cultural variations in how pain is expressed
• Knowledge of non-verbal communication

Question 13

What is involved in the Experience of the nurse to address pain?

Answer 13

• Caring for patients with acute, chronic, and cancer pain
• Caring for patients who experienced pain as a result of health care therapy
• Personal experience with pain

Question 14

What is included in the nursing assessment of pain?

Answer 14

• Determine the patient’s perspective of pain including history of pain; its meaning; and physical, social and emotional effects
• Measure objectively the characteristics of the patient’s pain
• Review potential factors affecting the patient’s pain

Question 15

What are the Qualities involved in proper nursing care of pain?

Answer 15

• Persevere in exploring causes and possible solutions for chronic pain
• Display confidence when assessing pain to relieve the patient’s anxiety
• Display integrity and fairness to prevent prejudice from affecting assessment

Question 16

What is considered the most reliable indicator of pain?

Answer 16

A patient’s self-report of pain is considered the gold standard

Question 17

What are some contributing symptoms to pain?

Answer 17

Symptoms such as depression, anxiety, fatigue, nausea, anorexia, sleep disruption, spiritual distress, or guilt may increase suffering and aggravate pain

Question 18

What are some consequences of unrelieved acute pain?

Answer 18

Unrelieved acute pain prolongs hospital stays, delays healing, and may lead to chronic pain.

Question 19

What are some behavioural and non-verbal indicators of pain?

Answer 19

• assess verbalization, vocal response, facial and body movements, and social interaction
• Grimacing, moaning, crying, inability to settle and rest, poor appetite, and negative emotions such as anger, fear, and anxiety are cues that the patient may be experiencing pain
• patient may exhibit behaviours when in pain that may not be an intuitive pain behaviour; hence, it is important to consult with the parents or caregivers to ascertain typical pain behaviours for that patient

Question 20

What are examples of vocalizations that may indicate pain?

Answer 20

Moaning Crying Gasping Grunting

Question 21

What are examples of facial expressions that may indicate pain?

Answer 21

• Grimacing
• Clenched teeth
• Wrinkled forehead
• Tightly closed or widely opened eyes
• Lip biting

Question 22

What body movements may be indications that a patient is in pain?

Answer 22

• Restlessness
• Immobilization
• Muscle tension
• Increased hand and finger movements
• Pacing activities
• Rhythmic or rubbing motions
• Protective movement of body parts

Question 23

What social interactions may indicate a patient is in pain?

Answer 23

• Avoidance of conversation
• Focused only on activities for pain relief
• Avoidance of social contacts Reduced attention span
• Withdrawn
• Despondent—failure to interact purposefully and meaningfully with immediate environment

Question 24

What is one of the primary goals of pain management?

Answer 24

The primary goal of pain management should be to improve the patient’s function. Pain can also affect sleep, and impaired sleep can increase pain.