25/26. Blood Vessels

Question 1

Characteristics of arteries

Answer 1

Carry blood away from heart
Depicted in red

Question 2

Basics of veins

Answer 2

Carry blood towards the heart
Often depicted in blue
Generally multiple veins paired with single artery

Question 3

3 layers common to arteries and veins and space within

Answer 3

Tunica intima
Tunica media
Tunica externa (adventitia)
Space within called lumen

Question 4

Tunica intima

Answer 4

Deepest, simple squamous epithelium (endothelium)

Question 5

Tunica media

Answer 5

Contains smooth muscle to control blood flow
Thicker in arteries than veins

Question 6

Tunica externa

Answer 6

Outer layer
Connective tissue anchors vessels to other structures

Question 7

Vasoconstriction

Answer 7

Contraction of smooth muscle in tunica media
Decreases blood flow through lumen

Question 8

Vasodilation

Answer 8

Relax smooth muscle in tunica media
Increases blood flow through lumen

Question 9

Types of arteries

Answer 9

Elastic arteries, muscular arteries, and arterioles

Question 10

Characteristics of elastic arteries

Answer 10

Largest, closest to heart
Elastic fibers allow expansion when blood is pumped
E.g., aorta, pulmonary, brachiocephalic, common carotid, subclaviam, and common iliac arteries
Branch into musclar arteries

Question 11

Characteristics of muscular arteries

Answer 11

Medium-sized arteries distribute blood to organs & tissues
Less elastic tissue and relatively thicker tunica media
Control flow of blood with smooth muscle
Branch into arterioles

Question 12

Characteristics of arterioles

Answer 12

Smallest arteries
Smallest arterioles only have endothelium and single layer of smooth muscle
Branch into capillaries

Question 13

Characteristics of Capillaries

Answer 13

Smallest blood vessels
Only one RBC can pass through a capillary at a time
Form a “bed” or branching of vessels for exchange of gases & nutrients
Composed of tunica intima (endothelium & basement membrane)

Question 14

Types of veins

Answer 14

Venules and veins

Question 15

Characteristics of venules

Answer 15

Smallest of veins
Run with arterioles
Have thin layer of smooth muscle, little ability to vasoconstrict
Merge to form larger venules, then veins

Question 16

Characteristics of veins

Answer 16

Small & medium veins run with muscular arteries
Large veins run with elastic arteries
Low pressure in veins, need valves for one-way flow

Question 17

Skeletal muscle pump

Answer 17

Skeletal muscle contraction and relaxation help move venous blood
Muscles squeeze veins, push blood towards heart
Inactivity results in greater risk of clot formation

Question 18

Respiratory pump

Answer 18

IVC ascends in abdomen and thorax
Does not have skeletal muscle pump, assist from diaphragm
Inhalation - diaphragm flattens and increases abdominal pressure, lowers thoracic pressure, and blood in IVC is pushed towards heart

Question 19

Arteries leaving the heart

Answer 19

Right and left common carotid arteries, right and left subclavian arteries, brachiocephalic trunk, ascending aorta, aortic arch, and thoracic aorta

Question 20

Parts of the Common carotid artery

Answer 20

Splits into internal and external carotid arteries
Internal carotid passes through skull to supply brain
External carotid supplies superficial structures of head and neck

Question 21

Branches of external carotid artery and where they supply

Answer 21

Superior thyroid a. - supply thyroid gland
Lingual a. - supply tongue
Facial a. - supply face
Occipital a. - supply back of head
Maxillary a. - supply muscles of mastication and teeth
Superficial temporal a. - supply scalp

Question 22

Characteristics of vertebral arteries

Answer 22

Branches from subclavian arteries
Travel superiorly in transverse foramina in cervical vertebrae
Enter cranium through foramen magnum
Left and right arteries join to form basilar artery

Question 23

Blood supply to the brain consists of

Answer 23

Internal carotid arteries and vertebral arteries

Question 24

Characteristics of internal carotid arteries

Answer 24

Branch into anterior and middle cerebral arteries
Anterior cerebral arteries connect via anterior communicating arteries

Question 25

Characteristics of vertebral arteries supplying the brain

Answer 25

Form basilar artery Basilar artery gives off left and right posterior cerebral arteries Posterior cerebral arteries connect to internal carotid arteries through posterior communicating arteries

Question 26

What is the circle of Willis

Answer 26

Circle of arteries supplying the brain Formed by posterior cerebral, posterior communicating, internal carotid, anterior cerebral, and anterior communicating arteries

Question 27

Arteries that supply blood to upper extremities

Answer 27

Subclavian artery travels over first rib and under clavicle and becomes axillary artery Axillary artery supplies shoulder and lateral thorax and becomes brachial artery as it passes Teres major muscle Brachial artery supplies blood to arm and splits into radial and ulnar arteries after passing elbow Radial and ulnar arteries supply forearm and wrist before splitting into superficial and deep palmar arches which supply the hand

Question 28

Blood supply to thorax

Answer 28

Aorta arches back and to the left becoming the descending or thoracic aorta Thoracic aorta gives off posterior intercostal arteries Internal thoracic arteries are on either side of sternum, branch from subclavian arteries, and give off anterior intercostal arteries, which anastomose with posterior intercostal arteries

Question 29

Blood supply to the abdomen

Answer 29

Thoracic aorta passes the diaphragm to become the abdominal aorta (has 3 unpaired central branches) Paired renal arteries supply the kidneys Gonadal arteries supply gonads Abdominal artery splits into left and right common iliac arteries

Question 30

Branches of abdominal aorta

Answer 30

1. Celiac trunk- supplies stomach, liver, spleen, gallbladder, pancreas, and duodenum 2. Superior mesenteric artery- supplies jejunum, ileum, appendix, ascending colon and transverse colon 3. Inferior mesenteric artery- supplies descending colon, sigmoid colon, and rectum

Question 31

Iliac arteries

Answer 31

Common iliac arteries enter pelvis and divide into internal and external iliac arteries Internal iliacs supply pelvic organs, gluteal region, and external genitalia External iliacs leave pelvis to become femoral arteries in the thigh

Question 32

Arteries in lower extremity

Answer 32

Supplies the muscles of the thigh Passes through back of knee (popliteal fossa) to become the popliteal artery In the leg, popliteal artery branches into anterior tibial artery, posterior tibial artery, and fibular artery

Question 33

Where to arteries of the leg supply

Answer 33

Anterior tibial artery: supply anterior compartment of leg and dorsum of foot Posterior tibial artery: supply posterior compartment of leg and plantar foot Fibular artery: supply lateral compartment of leg

Question 34

Veins approaching the heart

Answer 34

Right and left internal jugular veins, right and left subclavian veins, right and left brachiocephalic veins, and superior and inferior vena cava

Question 35

External jugular vein

Answer 35

Superficial to sternocleidomastoid Carries blood from neck and scalp Joins with internal jugular vein at base of neck

Question 36

Internal jugular vein

Answer 36

Begins at jugular foramen (base of skull) Carries blood from brain (dural sinuses), orbit, and face Deep to sternocleidomastoid

Question 37

Deep veins of upper extremity

Answer 37

Run with arteries with the same name Radial and ulnar veins drain blood from hand and forearm and join near elbow as brachial vein Brachial vein drains blood from arm and becomes axillary vein in the axilla Axillary vein receives blood from shoulder, lateral thoracic wall, and upper extremity and becomes subclavian vein under clavicle Subclavian vein joins with internal jugular vein to become the brachiocephalic vein

Question 38

Superficial veins do upper extremity and how they connect

Answer 38

Also called cutaneous veins Basilic vein runs along medial side of arm and forearm, joins axillary vein Cephalic vein runs along lateral side of arm and forearm, joins subclavian vein Median cubital vein connects Cephalic and basilic veins in the cubital fossa (common place for venipuncture)

Question 39

Veins of the thorax- azgos system

Answer 39

Posterior intercostal veins drain blood from intercostal spaces Left and right sides include different veins Azygos vein returns blood to superior vena cava

Question 40

Veins of right and left sides of thorax

Answer 40

Right side includes azygos vein that collects blood from posterior intercostals Left side: Lower left region has hemiazygos vein that collects blood from posterior intercostals Upper left region has accessory hemiazygos vein that collects blood from posterior intercostals Both return blood to azygos vein

Question 41

Portal vs caval drainage

Answer 41

Drainage of venous blood in the abdomen proceeds directly into the inferior vena cava (caval system) or the hepatic portal vein (portal system) Caval system: Receives blood from liver, kidneys, gonads, pelvic organs, external genitalia, and lower extremities Portal system: receives blood from the intestines to be filtered in the liver

Question 42

Characteristics of Caval system (IVC)

Answer 42

IVC receives blood from renal veins (draining from kidneys) and gonadal veins(draining from gonads) IVC splits into the right and left common iliac veins

Question 43

Iliac veins

Answer 43

Each common iliac vein splits into an internal and external iliac vein Internal iliac receives blood from pelvic organs, external genitalia, and gluteal region External iliac receives blood from lower extremity, becomes the femoral vein in thigh

Question 44

Deep veins of lower extremity

Answer 44

Posterior tibial vein drains blood from the foot and posterior compartment of leg Anterior tibial vein drains from anterior compartment of leg Fibular vein drains blood from lateral compartment of leg All 3 veins join to form popliteal vein behind knee Popliteal vein moves around the medial side of the thigh to become the femoral vein that drains the thigh

Question 45

Superficial veins of lower extremity

Answer 45

Great saphenous vein travels along medial leg and thigh collecting superficial blood of lower extremity and empties into femoral vein in upper thigh Small saphenous vein travels along posterior leg collecting superficial blood from leg and empties into popliteal vein

Question 46

Portal system

Answer 46

Hepatic portal vein receives blood from the digestive tract and accessory organs to be filtered by liver Nutrients and harmful blood agents are removed Filtered blood in liver sent to IVC Superior mesenteric, inferior mesenteric, and splenic veins empty into hepatic portal vein