the equations of the functions in a family resemble each other
parent function.
shifts a graph horizontally, vertically or both
translation
multiplies all y-values by the same factor greater than 1
stretch
reduces y-values by a factor between 0 and 1
shrink
the x-axis changes y-values to their opposites
reflection
each member of a family of functions
transformation
algebraically, the transformations take the same form using
parameters