BIOL 273 > 273 MOD 1 > Flashcards

273 MOD 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

what is physiology?

A

study of the normal functioning of a living organism and its component parts

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2
Q

what is biological energy ?

A

how do cells use energy and produce ATP

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2
Q

what is structure and function ?

A

how an organism is arranged and how it changes function

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3
Q

what is information flow ?

A

How the body sends, receives, and responds to signals to keep everything balanced.
Low blood sugar → hormones released → cells take action to raise it back up.

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4
Q

what is homeostasis ?

A

the body’s ability to maintain a stable internal environment (like temperature, pH, and blood sugar) despite changes inside or outside the body, it oscillates around never static

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5
Q

what are the 7 levels or organization in physiology (smallest to largest) ?

A
  1. chemical - atoms & molecules
  2. cellular - neuron
  3. tissue - collection of cells
  4. organ - structural unit made of tissues
  5. organ system - cardiovascular system
  6. organism - individual form of life
  7. community
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6
Q

what is the focus of current physiological research and what does it involve ?

A

on the molecular and cellular level - understanding how events within a single cell influence an entire system

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7
Q

what are the 3 major cell junctions and their short function ? (look at diagrams)

A
  1. anchoring junctions - keep cells anchored
  2. gap junction - short bridges of communication
  3. tight junctions - regulate and/or prevent flow between cells
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8
Q

what are the four primary types of tissue in the body ?

A
  1. epithelial
  2. connective
  3. muscle
  4. neural
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9
Q

what is the basic structure and function of epithelial cells ?

A
  • protect the internal enviornment
  • regular exchange of material between external and internal enviorments (any material that crosses these must cross an epithelium)
  • epithelia consist of one or more layers of cells connected to one another and to a basal lamina (basement membrane)
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10
Q

what is exchange epithelia ?

A

exchange - rapid exchange of material. lungs, oxygen.

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11
Q

what is ciliated epithelia ?

A

ciliated - line airways & female reproductive tract. push materials along tissue. ex, clean airways, move eggs towards uterus.

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12
Q

what is secretory epithelia ?

A

secretory - synthesize & release products into external environment/blood. create things.

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13
Q

what is transporting epithelia ?

A

transporting - selective transport of materials. across cell, usually solids. move substances in a controlled way, also absorb stuff.

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14
Q

what is protective epithelia ?

A

protective - four don the surface of the body, skin.

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15
Q

what is the main structure and function of connective tissue ?

A

provides structural support and barriers. has extensive ECM that contains proteoglycans, collagen, elastin, fibronectin

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16
Q

what is loose connective tissue?

A

loose - elastic tissue ex. tissue underlying the skin - basically a filler

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17
Q

what is dense connective tissue?

A

dense - strength is the primary function ex. tendons

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18
Q

what is adipose connective tissue?

A

adipose - contains adipocytes (body fat) all functions of fat (protect, insulate)

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19
Q

what is blood as a connective tissue?

A

blood - watery matrix lacking insoluble protein fibres

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20
Q

what is supporting connective tissue?

A

supporting - dense substances (cartilage & bone)

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21
Q

what is the main structure and function of muscle ?

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A

ability to contract and produce force through movement. made up of long cells called muscle fibres and contractile proteins

22
Q

what is skeletal muscle ?

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A

skeletal - attaches to bones, responsible for gross and voluntary body movement

23
Q

what is cardiac muscle ?

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A

cardiac - found only within the heart, contractions moves blood throughout body.

24
what is smooth muscle ?
smooth - responsible for influencing the movement of substances into/ out of within the body (mostly organs and blood vessels)
25
what is the main structure and function of neural tissue ?
carry info from on part of body to another (brain to wherever), very little ECM in neural tissue
26
what are neurons of neural tissue ?
neurons - carry info as electrical or chemical signals
27
what are glial cells in terms of neural tissue ?
glial cells - supporting cells for neurons, nutrients, insulating, clean up, and regulate.
28
what are the 5 organ systems explored in this class ?
1. nervous system 2. musculoskeletal system 3. circulatory system 4. respiratory system 5. immune system
29
define function in physiology
why, why does the system exist
30
define mechanism in physiology
how, how does the system work
31
how are function and mechanism explored by physiologists
they study mechanism to understand function, how cellular and molecular changes affect the organism as a whole
32
what is homeostasis ?
maintenance of a relatively stable internal environment, not static.
33
how is homeostasis achieved ?
through a series of automatic control mechanisms. maintains a similar condition for all the cells in the body, achieved through all the affects of different organ systems working together
34
what is acclimatization?
environment induced change in physiological function, not genetic. spend lots of time in -5 your body will get more used to it = less cold.
35
explain gap junctions
- direct cell to cell communication - via protein channels (connexons) between adjacent cells - can open and close - found in many cells types eg. heart
36
explain contact-dependent (juxtacrine) signal
- interaction between membrane molecules on two cells - found in immune cells & during development
37
explain local communication (neighbouring cells)
- occurs via paracrine or autocrine - chemical secreted by cells which act on neighbouring cells (paracrine) - chemical secreted by cells which act on itself (autocrine) - histamine is ex of paracrine molecule
38
explain long distance communication
- through blood - responsibility of nervous & endocrine - nervous system uses combo of chem (endocrine) and electrical signals (paracrine) - ex. neurotransmitters, neurohormones - endocrine system = hormones
39
why do some cells respond to a chemical signal and others do not ?
- target cells have various receptor proteins - only respond to a chemical signal if they have the appropriate receptor
40
what is the main idea of receptors
- usually trans membrane (through cell) proteins or glycoproteins (facing outside) - usually found in plasma membrane but can be intracellular (gene regulation and protein production) (cytosolic or nuclear) - membrane spanning receptors have three domains
41
what are extracellular domain receptors ?
extracellular domain - involved in binding the ligand (chemical signal) - fast
42
what are trans-membrane domain receptors ?
trans-membrane domain - hydrophobic so it anchors - allows movement in and out
43
what are intracellular domian receptors ?
intracellular (cytoplasmic) domain - involved in activating the cellular response by change - longer especially for gene expression
44
compare receptors vs. chem signals
- it is the receptor not just the signal that determines the type of response - any molecule that can bind with a receptor will elicit a response
45
explain primary ligand, agonist and antagonist
primary ligand - natural key that binds to receptor under normal conditions agonist -not intended molecule but still works (medications, nicotine) antagonist - molecule that blocks binding site and does not induce any response basically a competitive inhibition
46
how does a response to chemical signals occur ?
1. signalling molecule binds to receptor 2. receptor changes shape and interacts with the molecules inside the cell to send signal 3. signal is carried to appropriate location within cell (nucleus, etc) signal transduction 4. response occurs
47
what is local control ?
- effects are exerted on neighbouring cells - ex. paracrine control of blood vessels diameter in response to low O2
48
what is reflex control ?
- reaction in one or more organs controlled from elsewhere in body - ex. stub your toe, signal is sent to brain and you lift your toe in pain - can be any long distance path of the nervous/endocrine systems
49
what are the 6 points to remember regarding homeostatic control systems ?
1. stability is the result of balance between input and output 2. negative feedback returns variable to OG condition 3. homeostatic systems maintain similarity not constancy 4. set points can be reset 5. some variables are controlled more closely than others 6. most controlled, systems require coms between cells
50
what are the basics of reflex control
- response loops start with stim and result in a response - feedback pathways control response loop - 3 types of feedback/control systems
51
explain negative feedback
- bring back towards homeostasis - ex. thermostat 19->20<-21 - results in a change that removes the signal thus returning to original value - keeps system near or at set point
52
explain positive feedback
- response send a signal to reinforce stimulus further from set point - will not stop without external signal - not homeostatic - sends system temporarily out of control - ex. child birth and contractions
53
explain feedforward control
- anticipatory control - predicts change is about to happen, start the response loop -> prevent change - ex. smell food and body starts preparing for breaking it down
BIOL 273
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