29 - HIV

Question 2

HIV can be transmitted in 3 ways…

Answer 2

• Sexual
• Mechanical
• Vertical (pre-, peri- and post- natally)

Question 3

Epidemiology of HIV. 70% of cases located in…

Answer 3

Sub-Saharan Africa

Question 4

HIV-1 has homology with which non-human infecting virus?

Answer 4

Chimpanzee SIV

Question 5

Chimpanzee SIV and Sooty Mangabey SIV are both (more severe/ milder) diseases than HIV-1.

Answer 5

Chimpanzee SIV and Sooty Mangabey SIV are both milder diseases than HIV-1.

Question 6

HIV is thought to have originated in Kinashasa (DR Congo) and spread via Haiti to the USA. Factors that contributed to its spread include…

Answer 6

• High male population
• Sex workers
• Needles used for treament

Question 7

List 6 opportunistic infections associated with HIV…

Answer 7

• Pneumocystis sp. (pneumonia)
• Mycobacterium tuberculosis
• Plasmodium falciporum
• Candida sp. (thrush)
• Toxoplasma sp.
• HPV

Question 8

List 4 latent infections which are reactivated by HIV…

Answer 8

• Varicella zoster virus (shingles)
• Epstein Barr virus (B cell lymphoma)
• Cytomegalovirus (lymphoma)
• HSV-8* (Karposi’s sarcoma)

*a herpes virus

Question 9

Structure of HIV

Inside the nucleocapsid…

The HIV genome consists of 2 ___ ________ , with _______ and ______ __________ associated proteins.

Four additional proteins (___, ___, ___ & __) are also present.

Answer 9

Structure of HIV

Inside the nucleocapsid…

The HIV genome consists of 2 RNA molecules , with Integrase (IN) and Reverse Transcriptase (RT) associated proteins.

Four additional proteins (Vif, Vpr, Nef & p7 ) are also present.

Question 10

Structure of HIV

Inside the matrix…

________ are present in the space between the nucleocapsid and matrix.

Answer 10

Structure of HIV

Inside the matrix…

Proteases are present in the space between the nucleocapsid and matrix.

Question 11

Structure of HIV

Viral envelope…

Located on the glycolipid membrane (envelope) are two receptors…

Answer 11

• GP41 transmembrane glycoprotein
• GP120 docking glycoprotein

Question 12

Describe the lifecycle of HIV in 6 stages…

Hints for each stage:

• Entry
• Viral contents
• Transcription
• Integration
• Polyproteins
• Maturation

Answer 12

1. Attachment and entry to CD4 cell
2. Release of HIV RNA, proteins and enzymes into cell (fusion, no endocytosis)
3. Reverse transcription
4. Integration of HIV genome into host DNA
5. Assembly of new HIV (polyproteins cleaved by proteases)
6. Maturation and budding of new virions

Question 13

List 3 current treatments for HIV and 1 potenital future treatment…

Answer 13

• Triple therapy (Highly active anti-retroviral therapy- HAART)
• Nucleoside analogues (Abacavir- RT inhibition)
• Peptide analogues (Saquinavir - protease inhibition)
• Anti-CCR5 therapy (blocking CCR5) (future)

Question 14

Outline the 3 broad phases of HIV infection…

Answer 14

Acute, latent and AIDS (CD4 <200)