29.1

Question 1

Parenchyma

Answer 1

loosely packed, thin cell walls, large vacuole, involved in metabolism; bulk of nonwoody plants & fruit flesh

Question 2

Collenchyma

Answer 2

thicker cell walls, provide flexible support in growing regions.

Question 3

Sclerenchyma

Answer 3

thick, rigid cell walls; support areas where growth has stopped

Question 4

Dermal Tissue System

Answer 4

outer covering (epidermis + cuticle to prevent water loss).

Question 5

Ground Tissue System

Answer 5

storage, metabolism, support; mainly parenchyma

Question 6

Vascular Tissue System

Answer 6

transport;

Question 7

Xylem

Answer 7

tracheids & vessel elements (water transport)

Question 8

Phloem:

Answer 8

sieve tube members + companion cells (sugar transport)

Question 9

Apical meristems

Answer 9

length growth (roots & shoots).

Question 10

Lateral meristems

Answer 10

diameter growth (vascular cambium & cork cambium).

Question 11

Primary growth

Answer 11

length

Question 12

Secondary growth

Answer 12

girth.

Question 13

Taproot

Answer 13

one main root (carrot, trees)

Question 14

Fibrous root system

Answer 14

many small roots (grasses).

Question 15

Adventitious roots

Answer 15

grow from unusual places (prop roots, aerial roots).

Question 16

Root cap

Answer 16

protects apical meristem, secretes lubricant.

Question 17

Root hairs

Answer 17

increase absorption.

Question 18

Cortex

Answer 18

storage tissue

Question 19

Endodermis

Answer 19

controls water/mineral flow

Question 20

Pericycle

Answer 20

gives rise to lateral roots

Question 21

Primary growth

Answer 21

elongation at apical meristem

Question 22

Secondary growth

Answer 22

vascular cambium produces secondary xylem & phloem (woody roots

Question 23

Absorb water & minerals

Answer 23

macronutrients like N, K; micronutrients like Mn

Question 24

Storage

Answer 24

starch in parenchyma; sometimes water storage (desert plants)

Question 25

What is the function of parenchyma cells?

Answer 25

Metabolism, storage, and photosynthesis; found in nonwoody plants and fruit flesh.

Question 26

What do collenchyma cells do?

Answer 26

Provide flexible support in growing regions.

Question 27

What is the role of sclerenchyma cells?

Answer 27

Provide rigid support in non-growing regions.

Question 28

What are the three plant tissue systems?

Answer 28

Dermal, Ground, and Vascular.

Question 29

What are the two types of vascular tissue?

Answer 29

Xylem (water) and Phloem (sugars).

Question 30

What is the difference between primary and secondary growth?

Answer 30

Primary = length (apical meristems). Secondary = girth (lateral meristems: vascular

Question 31

What are the three root types?

Answer 31

Taproot, Fibrous, Adventitious.

Question 32

What does the root cap do?

Answer 32

Protects the apical meristem and secretes lubricant for soil penetration.

Question 33

What are root hairs for?

Answer 33

Increase surface area for water and mineral absorption.

Question 34

What is the pericycle?

Answer 34

Outermost vascular tissue layer that produces lateral roots.

Question 35

What is stored in parenchyma cells of roots?

Answer 35

Starch (from excess carbohydrates).

Question 36

What are nodes and internodes?

Answer 36

Nodes = where leaves attach. Internodes = space between nodes.

Question 37

What type of growth occurs at the apical meristem of stems?

Answer 37

Primary growth (length).

Question 38

What is secondary xylem also known as?

Answer 38

Wood.

Question 39

What forms annual rings in wood?

Answer 39

Alternation of springwood (large cells) and summerwood (small cells).

Question 40

What is the pressure-flow hypothesis?

Answer 40

Sugars move in phloem from source → sink by pressure differences created by osmosis.

Question 41

What theory explains how water moves upward in plants?

Answer 41

Cohesion-tension theory.

Question 42

What are three leaf modifications?

Answer 42

Tendrils (climbing), Tubular leaves (traps), Spines (protection & reduce water loss).

Question 43

What is a simple leaf?

Answer 43

A leaf with one undivided blade.

Question 44

What is a compound leaf?

Answer 44

A leaf with blade divided into leaflets.

Question 45

What is venation?

Answer 45

Arrangement of veins: parallel in monocots, netted in dicots.

Question 46

Where does most photosynthesis occur in leaves?

Answer 46

Palisade mesophyll.

Question 47

What regulates gas exchange in leaves?

Answer 47

Guard cells around stomata.

Question 48

What is transpiration?

Answer 48

Water loss through stomata, driving water movement upward.

Question 49

What is the main function of collenchyma?

Answer 49

Support.

Question 50

What do most monocots lack?

Answer 50

Secondary growth.

Question 51

What structure is found in stems but not roots?

Answer 51

Node.

Question 52

Water movement is driven by evaporation from what structure?

Answer 52

Leaves (stomata).

Question 53

Which of the following plants cells is dead at maturity

Answer 53

Vessel Element

Question 54

The conducting parenchyma cell of angiosperm phloem is called a

Answer 54

sieve tuber member

Question 55

intercalary meristems are found in some

Answer 55

monocots

Question 56

In woody stems and roots, the epidermis is replaced by

Answer 56

cork cells

Question 57

primary growth refers to

Answer 57

an increase in the length of a plant