what is oxidation
conversion of a functional group in another one with a higher oxidation state or level
reduction
conversion of a functional group in another one with a lower oxidation level or state
reduction does what to an oxidation level
reduces the value
the value gets smaller
what does oxidation do to an oxidation level
increases the oxidation level or state
what is a heteroatom
anything but a C or H
how many levels of oxidation levels/states are there
5 in total
0,1,2,3,4
whats a 0 oxidation level
carbons are bonded to 0 more electronegative atoms
level 0 oxidation level examples
methane
alkanes
what is level 1 oxidation level
C is bonded to 1 more electronegative element
level 1 oxidation state examples
alkene
alcohol
halogenoalkanes
level 2 oxidation level
carbon is bonded to 2 more electronegative atoms
level 2 oxidation level examples
ketone
alkyne (c triple c)
aldehyde
level 3 oxidation level
carbon bonded to 3 more electronegative elements
levels 3 oxidation level examples
carboxylic acid
amides
nitriles
level 4 oxidation level
carbon is bonded to 4 more electronegative elements
level 4 oxidation level examples
o=c=o
s=c=s
resonance structure rules
- have the same number of valence electrons
- octet rule must be obeyed
- nuclei do not change positions in space between resonance structures
what do resonance structures differ in
they differ in the arrangement of valence electrons
what is special about c=o
the c and o are electrophilic and basic respectively.
c is electrophilic
o is basic
what does the c react with
nucleophiles bc it has a partial positive charge
what does the o react with
lewis acids
things that accept electrons
if o interacts with lewis acids it must be a
weak lewis base
donates electrons
what is the alpha carbon
the carbon next to the carbonyl group
the carbon near the c=o
the alpha carbon is usually bonded to what
the carbonyl group
alpha Hydrogens
