- ENVIRONMENTAL THEORY
o Contains three major relationships:
▪ EnvironmenttoPatient
▪ NursetoEnvironment
▪ NursetoPatient
o Theory of the five essential components of environmental health
▪ pureair
▪ purewater
▪ efficientdrainage
▪ cleanliness
▪ light
o THEORETICAL ASSERTIONS: Disease was a reparative process; disease was nature’s effort to remedy a process of poisoning or decay, or a reaction against the conditions in which a person was placed.
FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE
- PHILOSOPHY & SCIENCE OF CARING
o Caring can be effectively demonstrated and practiced only interpersonally.
o Caring consists of curative factors that result in the satisfaction of certain human needs.
o Effective caring promotes health and individual or family growth.
o Caring responses accept person not only as he or she is now but as what he or she may become.
o The practice of caring is central to nursing.
JEAN WATSON
ADAPTATION MODEL
PERSON
ENVIRONMENT
HEALTH
NURSING
ADAPTATION
SISTER CALLISTA ROY
SYSTEM MODELS
o The theory is based on the person’s relationship to stress, the response to it, and reconstitution
factors that are progressive in nature.
o The Neuman Systems Model presents a broad, holistic and system-based method to nursing
that maintains a factor of flexibility.
o It focuses on the response of the patient system to actual or potential environmental stressors and the maintenance of the client system’s stability through primary, secondary and tertiary nursing prevention intervention to reduce
stressors.
BETTY NEUMAN
INTERACTING SYSTEMS FRAMEWORK AND THEORY OF THE GOAL –
o The theory describes a dynamic, interpersonal relationship in which a patient grows and develops to attain certain life goals. The theory explains that factors which can affect the attainment of goals are roles, stress, space and time.
o The model has three interacting systems: personal, interpersonal, and social. Each of these systems has its own set of concepts. The concepts for the personal system are perception, self, growth and development, body image, space, and time. The concepts for the interpersonal system are interaction, communication, transaction, role and stress. The concepts for the social system are organization, authority, power, status, and decision- making.
IMOGENE KING
- SELF-CARE DEFICIT THEORY OF NURSING
o NURSING - “The act of assisting others in provision and management of self-care to maintain/improve human functioning at home level of effectiveness.”
o Focuses on activities that adult individuals perform on their own behalf to maintain life, health and well- being; identified three related concepts:
▪ Self-care: activities an individual performs independently throughout life to promote and maintain personal well-being.
▪ Health: results when individual’s ability is not adequate to meet the known self-care needs.
▪ Nursing system: nursing interventions needed when individual is unable to perform the necessary self-care activities.
DOROTHEA OREM
BEHAVIORAL SYSTEM MODEL
A model of nursing care that advocates the fostering of efficient and effective behavioral functioning in the patient to prevent illness.
o The patient is identified as a behavioral system composed of seven behavioral subsystems: affiliative, dependency, ingestive, eliminative, sexual, aggressive, and achievement.
o The three functional requirements for each subsystem include protection from noxious influences, provision for a nurturing environment, and stimulation for growth.
o An imbalance in any of the behavioral subsystems results in disequilibrium. It is nursing’s role to assist the client to return to a state of equilibrium.
DOROTHY JOHNSON
- CONCEPTUAL MODEL: THE HELPING ART OF CLINICAL NURSING
o CLINICAL NURSING: directed toward meeting the patient’s perceived need-for-help (based on individual perception).
o The nurse administers the help needed and validates that the need-for-help was met.
o Four main elements of Clinical Nursing: Philosophy, Purpose, Practice and Art
ERNESTINE WIEDENBACH
- CARE, CORE, CURE MODEL
o Defined NURSING as: “Participation in Care, Core and Cure aspects of patient care, where CARE is the sole function of nurses, whereas the CORE and CURE are shared with other
members of the health team.”
o Professional nursing care hastened recovery
and that as less medical care was needed, more professional nursing care and teaching were
necessary.
o Nursing functions differ using three (3) interlocking
circles to represent aspects of the patient: CARE
(body), CURE (disease) and CORE (person).
o Nurses function in all three circles but to different
MODULE 2F – CONCEPTS OF NURSING
degrees.
LYDIA HALL
- CONSERVATION MODEL
oTHREE MAJOR CONCEPTS:
▪ WHOLENESS – “a sound, organic,
progressive mutuality between diversified functions and parts within an entirety” (Erikson, 1969).
▪ ADAPTATION – “a process of change whereby the individual retains his integrity within the realities of his internal and external environment” (Levine, 1973).
▪ CONSERVATION – “describes the way complex systems are able to continue to function even when severely challenged” (Levine, 1990). - (Energy, Personal
Integrity).
MYRA ESTRIN LEVINE
- THE SCIENCE OF UNITARY HUMAN BEINGS
o Rested on a set of basic assumptions that described the life process in human beings.
o Human beings are dynamic energy fields integral with environmental fields.
o The Life Process is characterized by: Wholeness, Openness, Unidirectionality, Pattern and Organization, Sentience, and Thought.
o Four (4) building blocks of the model: Energy Field, Universe of Open Systems, Pattern, Pandimensionality.
MARTHA ROGERS
NURSING AS CARING: A MODEL FOR TRANSFORMING PRACTICE
o The focus of nursing is nurturing persons living caring and growin in caring. As an expression of nursing, caring is the intentional and authentic presence of the nurse with another person who is recognized as living caring and growing in caring.
o The most basic premise of the theory is that all human are caring persons, that to be human is to be called to live one’s innate caring nature. Developing the full potential of expressing caring is an ideal and for practical purposes, is a lifelong process.
o THE MAJOR ASSUMPTIONS ARE:
▪ Persons are caring by virtue to their
humanness
▪ Persons live their caring moment to
moment
▪ Persons are whole or complete in the
moment
▪ Personhood is living grounded in
caring
▪ Personhood is enhanced through
participating in nurturing relationships
with caring others
▪ Nursing is both a discipline and a
profession.
ANN BOYKIN & SAVINA SCHOENHOFFER
THEORY OF INTERPERSONAL RELATIONS
o Used the psychological model to develop the middle- range descriptive theory.
o Focuses on the Individual, Nurse, and the Interactive Process (NursePatient Relationship).
▪ CLIENT-isanindividualwithafeltneed. ▪ NURSE - serves as a stranger, resource person, teacher, leader, surrogate and
counselor.
▪ NURSING - is an interpersonal and
therapeutic process, its goal is to educate the client and family, help the client reach mature personality development.
HILDEGARD PEPLAU
THEORY OF BUREAUCRATIC CARING
Marilyn Ray
NOVICE TO EXPERT THEORY
Patricia Benner
PROPOSED PHILOSOPHY OF CARING
Kari Martinse
MODELING AND ROLE-MODELING THEORY OF
NURSING
Helen Lorraine Eriksson, Evelyn Tomlin, and Mary Anne Swain
MATERNAL ROLE ATTAINMENT THEORY
Ramona Merce
THEORY OF UNCERTAINTY IN ILLNESS
Merle Mishe
THEORY OF SELF-TRANSCENDENCE
Pamela Reed
THEORY OF ILLNESS TRAJECTORY
Carolyn Wiener
THEORY OF CHRONIC SORROW
Georgene Gaskil Eakes, Mary Lermann Burke, and Margaret Hainsworth
THE TIDAL MODEL OF NURSING
Phil Barker
THEORY OF COMFORT
Katharine Kolcaba
