3. Auditory Integration

Question 1

What are sounds?

Answer 1

Vibrations of air molecules

Question 2

Define the parameters of human perception of sound.

Answer 2

20 - 20,000 Hz

Question 3

Name the perceptual dimension of AMPLITUDE.

Answer 3

Loudness

Question 4

How is amplitude measured?

Answer 4

Decibels

Question 5

Name the perceptual dimension of FREQUENCY.

Answer 5

Pitch (Hz)

Question 6

Name the perceptual dimension of COMPLEXITY.

Answer 6

Timbre

Question 7

Hertz =

Answer 7

cycles per second

Question 8

The ear can be categorised into three parts. Name these three parts.

Answer 8

Outer ear
Middle ear
Inner ear

Question 9

Name components of the OUTER EAR

Answer 9

• helix, antihelix
• scapha
• triangular fossa
• concha
• auricular lobule (earlobe)
• ear canal

Question 10

Name components of the MIDDLE EAR

Answer 10

• tympanic membrane (eardrum)
• tympanic cavity
• maiieus
• incus
• stapes

Question 11

Name components of the INNER EAR

Answer 11

• eustachian tube
• cochlea
• cochlear nerve
• vestibular nerve

Question 12

What is another name for “ear canal”

Answer 12

external acoustic meatus

Question 13

Describe the organ of the CORTI

Answer 13

• Found within the cochlear conduct

where transduction from mechanical waves to neural signals takes place

• It contains hair cells (inner and outer)

Question 14

Each hair cell in the CORTI has ________

Answer 14

approx. 100 stereocilia

Question 15

What elements can be seen when looking at a cross-section of the cochlea.

Answer 15

• scala vestibuli
• scala media
• scale tympani
• spiral ganglion
• basilar membrane
• tectorial membrane

Question 16

Describe what happens to the membrane potential of a hair cell during a sound-induced vibration.

Answer 16

1. excitatory force opens ion channels
2. Depolarisation
3. Release of NT
4. Inhibitory force closes ion channels

Question 17

What are auditory pathways?

Answer 17

• Highly complicated pathways

* Each hemisphere of the brain processes auditory information from both sides (ipsilateral and contralateral)

Question 18

Auditory cortices are organized ___________.

Answer 18

tonotopically

by frequency

Question 19

Describe the auditory core region.

Answer 19

• • neurons within each of the auditory core regions are arranged into a tonotopic map
• • with characteristic frequencies that gradually shift from low at one end to high at the other end

Question 20

Describe the auditory pathway

Answer 20

auditory nerve –> cochlear nucleus –> trapezoid body –> superior olivary complex –> inferior colliculus
-> medial geniculate body –> auditory cortex

Question 21

Name the two auditory cortices

Answer 21

ipsilateral auditory cortex

contralateral auditory cortex

Question 22

Ventral pathway a.k.a.?

Answer 22

“what” pathway

Question 23

Dorsal pathway a.k.a.?

Answer 23

“where” pathway

Question 24

STG

Answer 24

superior
temporal
gyrus

Question 25

Ventral pathway I

Answer 25

STG > BA 45 (Broca's Area)

Question 26

Ventral pathway II

Answer 26

antSTG > FOP

Question 27

Dorsal pathway I

Answer 27

pSTG > premotor cortex

Question 28

Dorsal pathway II

Answer 28

pSTG > BA 44

Question 29

Where is low pitch detected?

Answer 29

apical region

Question 30

Where is high pitch detected?

Answer 30

basal region

Question 31

Name the two types of frequency coding...

Answer 31

``` Place coding (high and medial frequencies) Temporal coding (low frequencies) ```

Question 32

Loudness: name the hypothesis

Answer 32

firing rate hypothesis

Question 33

Describe the firing rate hypothesis

Answer 33

The rising (high pressure) phase of each cycle of the sound signal evokes bursts of spikes in a collection of auditory nerve fibres.

Question 34

Location depends on...

Answer 34

* Intensity (high frequencies) | * Speed of the sound (low frequencies)

Question 35

What is ITD and IID?

Answer 35

interaural time difference | interaural intensity difference

Question 36

What is speech?

Answer 36

process to... - - understand spoken and printed words - - express ideas in speech and writing

Question 37

How is speech produced?

Answer 37

- - movements of vocal cords | - - during expiration

Question 38

Describe the mechanisms of speech.

Answer 38

1. Hearing sound – Auditory pathways and auditory cortex 2. Understand the heard sound 3. Express ideas in speech

Question 39

Name the areas of the brain that are receptive for speech.

Answer 39

Primary auditory cortex Angular gyrus Wernicke’s area

Question 40

Name the functions of WERNICKE'S AREA

Answer 40

* Process sensory information from somatic sensory, visual, and auditory cortices * Essential for comprehension, recognition and construction of words and language * Perception of spoken language

Question 41

Name the two executive brain areas of speech.

Answer 41

Broca's area | Primary motor cortex

Question 42

Broca's area: name the functions

Answer 42

* Regulation of muscles of lips, tongue, pharynx and larynx | * Receives information from Wernicke’s area and processes the information into detailed and coordinated patterns

Question 43

Primary motor cortex: name the function

Answer 43

-- initiates movement of lips, tongue and larynx to produce spoken speech

Question 44

Name three speech disorders.

Answer 44

- - Aphasia - - Dysarthria - - Aphonia

Question 45

Describe Aphasia

Answer 45

Loss or impairment of production and/or comprehension of spoken or written language Mostly to acquired lesions of brain

Question 46

Describe Dysarthria

Answer 46

- - impairments in articulation of speech | - - intact mental function and comprehension of spoken & written speech

Question 47

Describe Aphonia

Answer 47

loss of voice due to disorder of larynx