What is health promotion?
Health is affected by:
1. Genetics
- Access
- Environment
- Lifestyle
What are the theories of health promotion?
- Educational
- Socioeconomic
- Psychological
What is health protection?
Involves collective activities directed at factors which are beyond control of individual.
Health protection activities tend to be regulation, policies or voluntary codes of practice
aimed at the prevention of ill health or the positive enhancement of well being.
What is health education?
An activity involving communication with individuals/ groups aimed at changing knowledge, beliefs, attitudes and behaviour in a direction which is conductive to improvements in health.
What is empowerment?
Refers to generation of power in those individuals and groups which previously considered themselves to be unable to control situation nor act on basis of their choices.
It allows individuals to resist social pressure, utilise coping strategies, have a heightened consciousness of their actions
What are some aspects of primary care health promotion?
Planned– posters, chronic disease clinics, vaccinations
Opportunistic- - advice within surgery, smoking, diet, taking BP
What are some of the ways the government enforce health promotion?
Legislation- - Legal age limits, Smoking ban, Health and safety , Clean air act , Highway code
Economic- tax on cigarettes and alcohol
Education- adverts about healthy eating
What is primary prevention?
Measures taken to prevent onset of illness or injury, it reduces probability and severity. This includes
smoking cessation, immunisation
What is secondary prevention?
Detection of a disease at an early (preclinical) stage in order to cure, prevent or lessen symptomatology.
What are Wilson’s criteria for screening? (need to get this perfect)
- Condition should be important
- There must be a recognisable latent or early symptomatic stage
- Natural course of the condition should be understood (including from latent to declared disease)
- Test should be suitable, easy to perform, interpret, acceptable and accurate, reliable, sensitive and specific
- Test should be acceptable to population
- Case finding should be continuous
- Accepted treatment for patients with recognised disease
- Treatment should be effective if started early
- Facilitiaties for diagnosis and treatment available
- Agreed policy concerning who should be treated
- Diagnosis and treatment should be cost effective
What is tertiary prevention?
Measures to limit distress or disability caused by disease
How does early life affect longterm health?
Establishment of a healthy lifestyle- parents
neglect/abuse
growth and development fuelled by food
What are the most common problems GP see in children?
- Feeding problems (new babies especially)
- Pyrexia
- URTI
- Coughs/ colds
- Rashes
- Otalgia
- Sore throat
- Vomiting +/- diarrhoea
- Abdominal pains
- Behavioural problems (older infants)
What should doctors do during a consultation with children?
- Listening
- Watching
- Observing
- Examining properly
- Putting child at ease as well as parent/ guardian
- Parental understanding
- Explain in a clear language
Why may parents bring a healthy child to see you?
Someone else urging them to act
- Anxiety regarding normal illness
- Inexperience
- Single parent with no support
- Parenting difficulty manifesting as child illness
- Parent depression/ anxiety
- Social issues
- Child presenting them with difficult symptoms to interpret
- Child abuse by partner
How can GP’s make sure they are getting the maximum information out of a consultation?
- Listen and observe
- Read the notes of child and parent/s
- Examine properly
- Explain clearly what you are thinking/ doing
- Discuss with other health professionals
- Review
- ‘open door’ policy
- reassure appropriately
- investigate properly
- refer appropriately
How may a GP manage an over anxious parent?
- Listening
- Examining
- ICE
- Building a rapport
- Explaining properly along the way (what you are thinking and doing)
- Consensus
- Allowing parents/ guardians to ask questions
- Offering second opinion
- No dogma
- Facilitating a return visit
What are the health aspects to consider in an adolescent?
- Diet
- Exercise
- Sleep
- Screen time
- Social issues; school, friends, drugs and alcohol, sex
(HEADSS)
What are the different types of screening?
- CF
- Bowel cancer
- Breast cancer
- Cervical cancer
- Antenatal screening
- Hearing screening in infants
- Abdominal aortic aneurys in men over 65
- Diabetic retinopathy
What are some examples of health protection?
- SNP council house motion
- Laws around smoking packages
- Food labelling
- Health and safety
- Alcohol taxing
- Sick notes
- Power of attorney
What is the role of the health visitor?
- Look at healthy diet
- Promotes immunisation programme
- Maternal mental health
- Assessing safe home environment
- Promotes activity in children
- Overall health promotion in children and mothers
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1. Death and palliative care13
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2. Bad news and sustainability18
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3. Children21
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4. Realistic medicine and other learning points3
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1000. Psychological influences on health and culture15
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1001. Ethics and politics in medicine11
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1002. Health and General practice17
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1004. Risk and uncertainty and the environment0
