What are industrial processes designed with in mind?
- maximising the profit
- minimise the impact on the environment
Factors influencing industrial process design are…?
- availability, sustainability and cost of feedstocks
- opportunities for recycling
- energy requirements
- marketability of by-products
- product yield
Environmental considerations when designing an industrial process are…?
- minimising waste
- avoiding the use or production of toxic substances
- designing products which will biodegrade if appropriate
Why is one reactant usually in excess?
so that this reactant will not control how much product is produced
What is the limiting reactant?
the reactant that is not in excess and will determine how much product is produced
How can you tell which reactant is in excess if you have calculated the number of moles of each substance?
taking into consideration the molar ratio, the one with the largest number of moles
What is molar volume?
- the volume occupied by one mole of any gas at a certain temperature and pressure.
- the molar volume is the same for all gasses at the same temperature and pressure
What is the equation to calculate the volume of gasses?
V=n x molar volume (MV)
When comparing gas volumes what must be taken into account?
that one of the reactants will be in excess and the excess will be included in the final volume
How do we compare gas volumes?
molar ratio
What are percentage yield and atom economy a measure of?
the efficiency with which reactants are converted into the desired product
What would decide which reactant would be in excess?
the less expensive reactant would be in excess to ensure that a costly reactant is converted into product
What is theoretical yield?
the quantity of desired product obtained, assuming full conversion of the limiting reagent
What is the actual yield?
the quantity of desired product formed under the prevailing reaction conditions
What is percentage yield?
provides a measure of the degree to which the limiting reagent is converted into the desired product
What can the percentage yield be used to calculate?
if the costs are given for reactants then the cost of reactants required to produce a given mass of product
What does the atom economy measure?
the proportion of the total mass of all starting materials converted into the desired product in the balanced equation.
when will reactions with a high percentage yield have a low atom economy?
if large quantities of by-products are formed
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1.1 periodicity24
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1.2 structure and bonding24
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1.3 oxidising and reducing agents17
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2.1 systematic carbon chemistry0
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2.2 alcohols9
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2.3 carboxylic acids4
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2.4 esters, fats and oils32
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2.5 soaps detergents and emulsions22
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2.6 proteins20
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2.7 oxidation of food30
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2.8 fragrances10
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2.9 skin care14
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3.1 getting the most from reactants18
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3.2 Controlling the Rate18
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3.3 chemical energy13
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3.4 Equilibria12
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3.5 Chemical analysis9
