What was Libya’s GDP in 1977?
$11,000
What did Libya’s oil wealth allow it to do?
Develop in a debt free manner
What successes came out of Gaddafi’s rule?
- Equality between men and women
- laws regarding equal access to education and wages (1970)
- GMMR (largest irrigation project in world)
When did Gaddafi rule?
1969 - 2011
What forms can military aid take?
- Direct and indirect military action
- Peacekeeping missions
- No fly zones
What forms can economic intervention take?
- Providing or withdrawing economic aid
- imposing embargoes and sanctions
- SAPs (eg, deregulation, privatisation)
What controversies were there during Gaddafi’s rule?
- significant portion of income was spent on arms
- sponsored terror groups, eg. IRA, Anti-Zionist, Pan-Africanist, Black Civil Rights movements
- Death of PC Fletcher (caused UK to sever ties in 1984)
- Lockerbie bombing (1988)
What started the first Libyan Civil War?
- Arab Spring protests in Tunisia
- resulted in protests in Benghazi
- army repression used to justify intervention
How was economic intervention done in the 1st Libyan Civil War?
- UN froze Gaddafi’s assets
How was military intervention done in the 1st Libyan Civil War?
- Creation of no fly zone in March (UN resolution)
- NATO bombing of military targets
When was the 2nd Libyan CIvil War?
(2014 - 2020)
Who was the successor to Gaddafi?
NTC - National Transition Council
- Were supported by West
- recognised by UN as government of Libya in September 2011
What happened after the 1st Libyan Civil War?
2011 - 2014
- major unrest
- NTC was weak, resulting in factional fighting
- collapse of oil exports
What was Libyas GDP ranking in 2010?
64th globally
- above world average
What caused the 2nd Libyan Civil War?
- 2014 elections were contested
- GNC and HoR disagreed over election results after Supreme Court nullified amendments regarding Libya’s transition and HoR elections
- Khalifa Haftar of Libyan National Army (HoR ally) launched attacks on Benghazi
- accused PM of being influenced by Islamist groups
What would have prevented the 2nd Libyan Civil War from happening?
- Longer presence in country by intervening forces
- GNC could not provide security in country
- GNC could not control militias and militant groups from revolution
- This allowed Al Qaeda to establish a presence in the country, taking over anti-terrorist training bases
What is the GNA?
- Government of National Accord
- Democratically elected in 2012, took power from NTC
- Mostly moderate and liberal
- Few representatives of Islamist parties
- However, managed to pass bills enforcing Sharia law
- strong anti-Gaddafi stance
- passed bills preventing anyone from former Gaddafi government taking any role in governing Libya
What is the HoR?
- House of Representatives
- are backed by LNA
- are allied with Gaddafi loyalists
- were elected in after 2014 elections as a legislative body
- rejected Libyan Supreme Court ruling that election was unconstitutional due to low turnout (18% vs 60% in first post-Gaddafi elections)
- said ruling was made at ‘gunpoint’ and that court was controlled by armed militias
What role did the UN play in the 2nd Libyan Civil War?
- Allied with GNA
- helped push back LNA from advancing into Tripoli
Who intervened militarily in the 2nd Libyan Civil War?
- GNA (Turkey, Qatar, Sudan, Pakistan, Iran, Morocco, Algeria, EU, UK, US, UN)
- HoR (Egypt, UAE, Syria, Russia, France, Saudi Arabia, Belarus, Greece, Cyprus, Israel)
