1
Q
Macrolides
A
Characterised by a macrocyclic ketone ring w/ 2 attached sugar rings
- Narrow spectrum antibiotics
- Inhibit protein synthesis
- Useful against Gram+ microbes:
- Pneumococci + Streptococci
- H. Pylori ⇢ Clarithromycin
- Chlamydia
- Mycoplasma
- Mycobacterium
- Toxoplasma Gondii
2
Q
Classification
A
Semi - Synthetic
- Azithromycin
- Clarithromycin
- Roxithromycin
Natural
- Erythromycin
- Spiramycin
- Josamycin
- Oleandomycin
Erythromycin + Spiramycin ⇢ used in dentistry for periodontal disease
3
Q
Mechanism of action
A
- Bacteriostatic ⇢ supresses protein synthesis on ribosomes ⇢ 50s ⇢ inhibits translocation
- Work against G+ and SOME G-ve AEROBES
- Erythromycin ⇢ useful alternative to penicillin in allergic patients
- Resistance ⇢ via ribosomal modification, efflux + drug inactivation
4
Q
Pharmacokinetics
A
- Excellent tissue penetration ⇢ cannot penetrate CSF
- Accumulate in epithelilal lining fluid + Enter macrophages + leukocytes
- Erythromycin + other new macrolides have better pharmacokinetics
- Given Orally + IV
Erythromycin
- High protein binding
- ½ life = 3 hours
- Inhibits CYP enzymes
Azithromycin
- Lower protein binding
- ½ life = 60 hours
- Excretion via biliary tract
5
Q
Clinical uses
A
RT infections
Oral cavity infections
STIs
Soft tissue infections
6
Q
Adverse effects
A
GI toxicity
Liver enzyme suppression
Cardiac toxicity
Erythromycin + Azithromycin ⇢ Safe for pregnant women
Others are not safe for preggers
7
Q
Drug interactions
A
Erythromycin + azithromycin are inhibitors of CYP450
⇡ Serum concs of those drugs metabolised by CYP enzymes
8
Q
A
Pharmacology
flashcards
Decks in class (42)
# Cards
-
2)Crude Drugs9
-
3)Drug Absorption/ Pharmacokinetics11
-
4)Drug Distribution/Pharmacokinetics5
-
5)Drug metabolism5
-
6)Drug excretion. Drugs with salivary excretion. Drugs affecting the salivary secretion12
-
7)DRUG ACTION + DRUG EFFECT, TYPES OF DRUG EFFECTS IN ORAL CAVITY15
-
8)Receptor mediated + Non receptor mediated mechanisms of drug actions7
-
9)Drug characteristics that affect drug actions11
-
10)Factors of human body that affect drug action9
-
11)Effects after repeated or continous drug administration3
-
12)Drug interactions8
-
13)Adverse effect of drugs5
-
14)Toxic effects of drugs10
-
15)Local anaesthetics6
-
16)General anaesthesia10
-
17)Antihistamines11
-
18)Opioid analgesics8
-
19)NSAIDs6
-
20)NSAIDs w/predominantly analgesic + antipyretic activity9
-
21)Antiseptics + disinfectants: Oxidants, Halogens, Phenols, Oils9
-
22)Antiseptics + Disinfectants - Aldehydes, Dyes, Alcohols, Detergents + Salts8
-
23)Drugs for pulp devitalisation, Fluoride + Root canal filling materials9
-
24)Local drugs for hygiene + treatment of the oral cavity. Drugs for treatment of parodontitis8
-
25)Vitamins10
-
26)Antibiotics5
-
27)Penicillin, Protected penicillin's. Carbapenems. Monobactams20
-
28)Cephalosporins9
-
29)Tetracyclines10
-
30)Aminoglycosides8
-
31)Macrolides8
-
32)Lincosamides. Amphenicols. Glycopeptides19
-
33)Sulphonamides. Drugs used to trrat tuberculosis15
-
34)Quinolones. Fluoroquinolones8
-
35)Antifungal drugs10
-
36)Antiviral drugs9
-
37)Anticancer drugs9
-
38)Immunomodulators + Dental vaccines9
-
39)Cholinergic neurotransmission. Cholinomimetics1
-
40)M-cholinomimetics6
-
41)Neuromuscular blockers7
-
42)Adrenergic neurotransmission. Adrenomimetic drugs9
-
43)Adrenolytic drugs7
