1
Q
What is the relative mass, relative charge and location in the atom of a proton?
A
- 1.
- 1+.
- Nucleus.
2
Q
What is the relative mass, relative charge and location in the atom of a neutron?
A
- 1.
- 0.
- Nucleus.
3
Q
What is the relative mass, relative charge and location in the atom of an electron?
A
- 1/1840.
- -1.
- Energy levels.
4
Q
What happens due to the extremely high density in the nucleus?
A
- Particles within are drawn together by extremely powerful forces.
- Overcome the repulsion protons have for each other.
5
Q
What is the atomic number (Z)?
A
- No. protons in nucleus.
6
Q
What is the mass number (A)?
A
- No. protons + neutrons in nucleus.
7
Q
What are isotopes?
A
- Same element but have different mass number but same atomic number.
8
Q
What are the three isotopes of hydrogen?
A
- Protium.
- Deuterium.
- Tritium.
9
Q
Do isotopes have the same chemical and physical properties?
A
- Same chemical bc same electron arrangement.
- Diff physical bc diff masses.
10
Q
What are the two isotopes of chlorine?
A
- Chlorine-35.
- Chlorine-37.
11
Q
What are the two important isotopes of carbon?
A
- Carbon-12.
- Carbon-13.
12
Q
What is the carbon-12 standard?
A
- Relative mass is measured against 1/12 of a carbon-12 atom.
13
Q
What is the relative isotopic mass?
A
- Mass of single isotope of element relative to 1/12 mass of carbon-12
- Same as mass number for particular isotope of an element.
14
Q
Where is the relative isotopic mass derived from?
A
- Mass spectroscopy where mass of individual isotopes can be determined.
15
Q
What is the relative atom mass (Ar)?
A
- Average mass of an atom of an element relative to 1/12 of mass of carbon-12.
16
Q
What are the 5 steps of mass spectroscopy?
A
- Ionisation.
- Acceleration.
- Ion drift.
- Ion detection.
- Data analysis.
17
Q
What is mass spectroscopy used for (elements)?
A
- Determine information about elements and compounds.
- Determines relative isotopic masses and abundances.
- This is used to calculate Ar.
18
Q
How does mass spectroscopy help to identify compounds?
A
- Identify unknown purified compounds by comparing mass spectrum to those in database.
- Gives relative molecular mass (Mr).
19
Q
What are the two methods of ionisation for mass spectroscopy?
A
- Electron spray ionisation.
- Electron impact ionisation.
20
Q
How is the process of electron impact ionisation carried out?
A
- Sample vapourised then bombarded w e-.
- E- gun –> hot wire that emits e-.
- E- knocks e- off particle leaving molecular ion/ M+ ion.
21
Q
What is the equation for electron impact ionisation?
A
- X(g) –> X+(g) + e-.
22
Q
What type of substances is electron impact ionisation used for?
A
- Elements + substances w lower molecular mass.
23
Q
What type of substance is electrospray ionisation used for?
A
- Substances w higher molecular mass.
24
Q
What type of technique is electrospray ionisation?
A
- Soft ionisation technique.
- Fragmentation is unlikely.
25
How is the process of electrospray ionisation carried out?
- Sample dissolved in polar, volatile solvent.
- Pumped through hypodermic needle to create charged droplets.
- Mononuclear ions (single +ive charge).
- Ionised by gaining proton.
26
What is the equation for electrospray ionisation?
- X(g) + H+ --> XH+(g).
27
What happens during acceleration during mass spectroscopy?
- Negative electrical field attracts ions + give constant KE.
- KE=1/2mv^2.
- All same KE so heavier particles travel slower than lighter particles.
28
What happens during ion drift during mass spectroscopy?
- Region where no electrical field --> flight tube.
- Ions separated based on diff velocities.
- Small travel fast through flight tube + arrive at detector first.
29
What happens during data analysis during mass spectroscopy?
- Flight times analysed + recorded by data analyser.
- Mass spectrum obtained as plot of relative abundance against mass to charge ratio (m/z).
30
What does a trace from a mass spectrum show (axis)?
- Series of peaks vertically which show relative abundance.
- Horizontal axis - mass to charge ratio.
- relative abundance - how many of each ion is present.
31
What can sometimes be seen on a trace from mass spectroscopy when electron impact ionisation has been used?
- Cause diff peaks due to fragmentation caused by impact.
32
What is really important to remember when calculating an Ar from a mass spectrum (esp electro spray ionisation)?
- Take an average from the abundance.
- Also element - **take off a proton that was added during mass spec**!!!
33
How to read a trace from mass spec of a molecular elememt?
- Some exist as diatomic molecules so divide by 2.
34
How to read a trace from mass spec of a compound?
- Last major peak is molecular ion.
- M/z value for this peak is Mr of the compound.
35
What is the largest peak on a mass spec trace called?
- Base peak.
- Most stable ion produced as molecules is broken up.
36
How are elements (and compounds) detected from mass spectra?
- m/z values entered into computer.
- Compared to database.
- This requires pure sample.
37
What is an energy level and what is it split into?
- E- shells.
- Split into sub-shells.
38
What happens to the distance between energy levels as you move away from the nucleus?
- Energy levels get closer together.
39
What is an energy level split into?
- Sub-shells.
40
What is a sub-shell made up of?
- Orbitals or a combination of orbitals.
41
What is an orbital?
- 3D space that can hold up to 2 e-.
42
What happens in an orbital to minimise repulsion?
- e- in same orbital spin in different directions.
43
What are the 4 types of orbitals?
- s, p, d and f.
44
How many s, p and d orbitals are there at each energy level?
- s --> 1.
- p --> 3.
- d --> 5.
45
What are important features of filling sub-shells?
- Distance between sub-shells decreases further away from nucleus --> causes overlap.
- e- fill sub-shells closer to the nucleus first.
46
What do the up and down arrows in e- configuration represent?
- Direction of spin of e- in orbitals.
47
What is the ground state?
- When e- are in their lowest possible energy levels.
48
Why do e- prefer not to be in orbitals together?
- Because this causes a repulsion between the e-.
49
What are the two elements which are exceptions to e- configuration?
- Copper + Chromium.
50
What happens when metals form ions?
- When the loose e- loose from outermost level except d-block elements.
51
How do you name a non-metal ion?
- Use atom as stem and '-ide' on end.
52
What are the two ions that can be formed from hydrogen?
- H+ --> hydrogen ion.
- H- --> hydride ion.
53
What does **isoelectronic** mean?
- Particles which have the same e- configuration.
54
What will elements in the main groups usually form ions of?
- The nearest noble gas.
55
What is the process of ionisation?
- Process of removing e- from atoms and ions.
56
What is the definition of **the first ionisation energy**?
- Energy required to remove 1 mole of e- from 1 mole of gaseous atoms to form 1 mole of gaseous 1+ ions.
57
How is the first ionisation of sodium represented?
- Na(g) --> Na+(g) + e-.
58
How is the second ionisation of sodium represented?
- Na+(g) --> Na2+(g) + e-.
59
How is the third ionisation of sodium represented?
- Na2+(g) --> Na3+(g) + e-.
60
How does ionisation in plasma televisions happen?
- Electrical current runs through.
- +ively charged ions collide w e- causing them to release ultraviolet photons that react to release visible light.
61
What are the units for ionisation energy?
- Kj mol-1.
62
Is ionisation an endothermic or exothermic reaction?
- Endothermic as energy is required to remove an electron from attractive power of nucleus.
63
How are the existence of energy levels proven?
- Large gaps between successive ionisation energies.
- Correspond to removal of e- from energy levels closer to nucleus so more energy required to remove.
64
What is effective nuclear charge?
- General increase in successive ionisation energies caused by increase in ratio of protons to e- as e- are removed.
65
What can successive ionisation energies be used for?
- Can be used as indicator of the group the element belongs to.
66
What are the 3 trends in ionisation energies?
- Ionisation energy decreases down the group.
- Ionisation energy generally increases across the period.
- Within short periods (2+3) there is a zig-zag pattern.
67
Which elements cause a zig-zag in the ionisation energies?
- Group 3 --> boron + aluminium.
- Group 6 --> oxygen + sulphur.
68
What are the three factors that can be used to explain trends in ionisation energies?
- Atomic radius.
- Nuclear charge.
- Shielding by inner e-.
69
What is atomic radius and how does this vary down a group and across a period?
- How far the outer e- are from the attractive power of the nucleus.
- Increase down group.
- Decrease across period.
70
How does atomic radius affect ionisation energy?
- The further the outermost e- is from attractive power of nucleus, the less energy is required to ionise it.
71
What is nuclear charge and how does this affect ionisation energy?
- How many protons are attracting the outer e-.
- Greater nuclear charge leads to a stronger attraction to the outer e- so more energy is required to ionise it.
72
What is shielding and how does this affect ionisation energy?
- How many e- are between outer e- and attractive power of nucleus.
- More inner e- means more shielding + less energy is required to ionise outer e-.
73
What happens to ionisation energy down the group?
- Decreases.
- Atomic radius - increases so easier to loose outer e-.
- Shielding by inner e- - more shells so more shielding so easier to loose outer e-.
- Nuclear charge - increases so works against other 2 factors.
74
What happens to ionisation energy across the period?
- Increases.
- Atomic radius - decreases outer e- has more protons to attract.
- Shielding - constant due to same energy level.
- Nuclear charge - increases due to more protons.
75
Why is there a dip in ionisation energy at aluminium?
- 3p1 e- is further from the nucleus + has additional shielding from 3s2 so requires less energy for ionisation.
76
Why is there a dip in ionisation energy at sulphur?
- Due to paring of e- in p sub-shell.
- 3p4 means that 2 e- are paired in 1st p orbital.
- Repulsion between e- lowers ionisation energy required to move an e-.
77
What provides evidence that 2nd + 3rd energy levels are divided into 2 sub-shells?
- Atoms in group 3 + 6 w lower ionisation energies show that 1st sub-shell has 1 orbital and 2nd has 3 orbitals.
78
Why do group 1 elements have the lowest first ionisation energy in each period?
- Greatest atomic radius + lowest nuclear charge in each period.
79
Why do group 0 elements have the highest first ionisation energy in each period?
- Smallest atomic radius.
- highest nuclear charge in period.
80
What is the general pattern for ionisation energy down the group?
- Decreases.
- Atomic radius increases.
- Shielding by inner e- increases.
- Less energy required to remove e-.
81
What is the general pattern for ionisation energy across the period?
- Increases.
- Atomic radius decreases.
- Nuclear charge increases.
- Shielding by inner e- stays the same.
- More energy required to remove e-.
82
Why are there lower 1st ionisation energies than expected in group 3?
- Group 3 have s2p1 arrangement.
- Outer p1 further from nucleus.
- Inner s2 e- increase shielding so less energy required to ionise outer p1 e-.
83
Why are there lower 1st ionisation energies than expected in group 6?
- Group 6 have p4 arrangement.
- Repulsion between 2 e- in p orbitals leads to less energy being required to ionise the outer e-.
84
What are the patterns in 2nd ionisation energies?
- Shifted one to the left.
- Group 1 element would have lowest 1st ionisation but would have highest 2nd ionisation energy.
85
Why do group 1 elements have the highest 2nd ionisation energies?
- 2nd e- is being removed from an energy level closer to the nucleus.
Chemistry A-Level
flashcards
Decks in class (12)
# Cards
-
Subject specific vocabulary26
-
3.1.1 Atomic structure85
-
3.1.2 Amount of substance131
-
3.1.3 Shapes of simple molecules and ions14
-
3.1.5 Kinetics30
-
3.3.1 Intro to organic chem (no stereo)17
-
3.3.2 Alkanes75
-
3.1.4 Energetics36
-
3.1.5 Kinetics9
-
3.3.3 Halogenoalkanes16
-
3.1.5, 3.3.1, 3.3.2 past paper questions19
-
Energetics Seneca35
