3.2 Synthesis

Question 1

Fission

Answer 1

Process of bond breaking

Question 2

Homolytic Fission (3 points)

Answer 2

• Results in the formation of two neutral radicals
• Occurs when each atom retains one electron from the sigma covalent bond and the bond breaks evenly
• Normally occurs when non-polar covalent bonds are broken

Question 3

Heterolytic Fission (3 points)

Answer 3

• Results in the formation of two oppositely charged ions
• Occurs when one atom retains both electrons from the sigma covalent bond and the bond breaks unevenly
• Normally occurs when polar covalent bonds are broken

Question 4

Single-Headed Arrow

Answer 4

Movement of a single electron

Question 5

Double-Headed Arrow

Answer 5

Movement of an electron pair

Question 6

Homolytic fission in terms of arrows

Answer 6

Two single-headed arrows starting at the middle of a covalent bond

Question 7

Heterolytic fission in terms of arrows

Answer 7

One double-headed arrow starting at the middle of a covalent bond

Question 8

Nucleophiles (3 points)

Answer 8

• Negatively charged ions or neutral molecules that are electron rich
• Attracted towards atoms with a partial or full positive charge
• Able to donate an electron pair to form a new covalent bond

Question 9

Examples of Nucleophiles

Answer 9

Cl-, Br-, OH-, CN-, NH3 and H2O

Question 10

Electrophiles (3 points)

Answer 10

• Positively charged ions or neutral molecules that are electron deficient
• Attracted towards atoms with a partial or full negative charge
• Able to accept an electron pair to form a new covalent bond

Question 11

Examples of Electrophiles

Answer 11

H+, NO2+, SO3

Question 12

Haloalkanes

Answer 12

Substituted alkanes in which one or more of the hydrogen atoms is replaced with a halogen atom

Question 13

Monohaloalkanes (2 points)

Answer 13

• Contain one halogen atom
• Can be classified as primary, secondary or tertiary with number of alkyl groups

Question 14

Alcohols

Answer 14

Substituted alkanes in which one or more of the hydrogen atoms is replaced with a hydroxyl functional group

Question 15

Ethers

Answer 15

Substituted alkanes in which a hydrogen atom is replaced with an alkoxy functional group, -OR

Question 16

SN1 Reactions

Answer 16

Nucleophilic substitution reaction with one species in the rate determining step and occurs in a minimum of two steps via a trigonal planar carbocation intermediate

Question 17

SN2 Reactions

Answer 17

Nucleophilic substitution reaction with two species in the rate determining step and occurs in a single step via a single five-centred, trigonal bipyramidal transition state

Question 18

Substitution

Answer 18

Atoms are added to a molecule by replacing atoms already present

Question 19

Addition

Answer 19

Joining two or more molecules together to form a larger molecule

Question 20

Elimination

Answer 20

When a small group of atoms breaks away from a larger molecule with the release of a small molecule

Question 21

Condensation

Answer 21

The joining of molecules with the release of water as a product

Question 22

Hydrolysis

Answer 22

The breakdown of a molecule by water

Question 23

Neutralisation

Answer 23

When an acid and a base react to form water

Question 24

Markovnikov’s Rule

Answer 24

States that when a hydrogen halide or water is added to an unsymmetrical alkene, the hydrogen atom becomes attached to the carbon with the most hydrogen atoms attached to it already.

Question 25

Amines

Answer 25

Organic derivatives of ammonia in which one or more hydrogen atoms of ammonia has been replaced by an alkyl group

Question 26

Reducing Agent Example

Answer 26

Lithium Aluminium Hydride