Genetics Test 4 > 33 Developmental Genetics > Flashcards

33 Developmental Genetics Flashcards

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1
Q

development

A
  • regulated growth resulting from interaction of genome, cytoplasm, and environmental
  • programmed sequence of events
  • usually not reversible
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2
Q

differentiation

A
  • aspect of development

- forming of different types of cells, organs, etc, through specific regulation of gene expression

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3
Q

The fact that we can clone animals shows…

A

that adult differentiated cells retain a complete set of genetic information

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4
Q

pattern formation

A
  • early in animal development

- establishment of axes of the embryo - dorsal v ventral

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5
Q

advantages of drosophila

A
  • small
  • short generation time
  • large egg production of each female
  • easy to culture in lab
  • small genome
  • large chromosomes
  • many mutations
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6
Q

contributions of drosophila to genetics

A
  • basic principles of heredity including sex-linked inheritance, multiple alleles, epistasis, gene mapping, etc
  • mutation research
  • chromosome variation an behavior
  • population genetics
  • genetic control of pattern formation
  • behavioral genetics
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7
Q

basic drosophila life cycle

A

egg, larva, and pupa then adult

even though undergoes complete metamorphosis in pupa stage, the developmental trajectories set up in early embryonic development carries through to the adult

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8
Q

classes of drosophila genes

A
  • maternal genes
  • segmentation genes
  • homeotic genes
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9
Q

maternal genes

A

Egg Polarity Genes

- establish anterior/posterior polarity and dorsal/ventral polarity

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10
Q

when are maternal genes transcribed and translated

A

transcribed during egg development

translated after fertilization

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11
Q

segmentation genes

A

affect the number and polarity of segments

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12
Q

segmentation genes include…

A

gap genes
pair rule genes
segment polarity genes

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13
Q

homeotic genes

A

determine the identity of each segment

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14
Q

dorsal gene

A

maternal gene

determines the dorsal/ventral axis

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15
Q

in what cells does the dorsal gene work?

A

transcribed and translated in the ovary so the egg contains the mRNA and protein throughout the egg and embryo stages

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16
Q

describe the action of the dorsal gene

A
  • as the cells migrate to periphery of embryo, the protein is distributed to the nuclei of the cells that will be on ventral side
  • stays in cytoplasm of those on the dorsal side

acts as a transcription factor which must be located in the nucleus, and therefore acts as TF in ventral cells regulating genes important in development

lack of dorsal protein in dorsal nuclei allow genes for dorsal structure development to be expressed

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17
Q

on ventral side, dorsal protein induces expression of genes needed for…

A

gastrulation

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18
Q

bicoid mRNA is anchored at…

A

anterior end of embryo and produces protein which diffuses from anterior end making gradient strong at anterior end and gradually decreasing across embryo

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19
Q

nanos mRNA is anchored at…

A

posterior end of embryo and produces a protein that is strongest at posterior end and diffuses to lower concentration at anterior end

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20
Q

anterior/posterior asix is determined by…

A

bicoid and nonos gene

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21
Q

bicoid and nanos are what type of gene?

A

maternal

the mother’s nuclear genotype determines the progeny phenotype

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22
Q

bcd mutation

A

defective bicoid gene

missing anterior structures

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23
Q

bicoid and nanos regulate…

A

zygotic translation of maternal genes hunchback and caudal

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24
Q

hunchback and caudal mRNA are distributed…

A

uniformly throughout the oocyte

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25
bicoid protein in...
represses caudal mRNA translation by binding to caudal mRNA 3'UTF stimulates hunchback expression by binding to a transcription factor binding site upstream of hunchback allowing mRNA production
26
caudal protein acts as...
transcription factor to regulate genes for different of the posterior part of the embryo
27
hunchback protein acts as...
transcription factor to regulate genes for differentiation in the anterior of the embryo
28
nanos protein...
inhibits hunchback translation by degrading its mRNA causing an anterior-posterior gradient of hunchback protein
29
we expect more of the effects of nanos to occur...
at the posterior end of the embryo
30
mRNA at stable level across the embryo
hunchback and caudal
31
mRNA localized at anterior end
bicoid
32
mRNA localized at posterior end
nanos
33
4 protein gradients in early drosophila embryo
1. a-p of bicoid 2. a-p of hunchback 3. p-a of nanons 4. p-a of caudal
34
segmentation genes are transcribed...
after fertilization so there is no maternal affects
35
what regulates segmentation genes
bicoid/nanos gradient
36
gap genes
divide embryo into broad segments
37
pair-rule genes
affect same part of pattern in every other segment
38
segment polarity genes
affect anterior/posterior polarity of each segment
39
gap genes regulate ___ which regulate ___
pair-rule | segment polarity
40
Kirps
one type of gap gene
41
Even-skipped
one type of pair rule gene
42
Engrailed
one type of segment polarity gene
43
Hunchback regulates transcription of ___
kirps mRNA
44
Kirps protein regulates transcription of
even skipped mRNA
45
Even-skipped protein regulates transcriptin of
engrailed mRNA
46
gene clusters of homeotic genes
antennapedia complex | bithorax complex
47
antennapedia complex
homeotic gene | 5 genes that specify head and anterior thorax
48
bithorax complex
homeotic gene | 3 genes that specify posterior thorax and abdomen
49
homeotic genes are...
on the same chromosome and in order from anterior to posterior
50
each homeotic gene is turned on...
in specific segments based on the concentration of earlier gene products
51
antennapedia mutation
mutation of homeotic gene | occurs in tissues that were to become antenna causing substation of legs in their place
52
ultrabithorax mutation
deletion of Ubx in T3 cuasing T2 segment to extent into T3 producing second thorax wing struction out of what would usually be haltere of fly
53
homeobox
common DNA sequences of homeotic genes found in most animal phyla
54
homeodomain
region of protein formed from the homeobox DNA | 60 aa long
55
proteins with homeodomain are...
DNA binding proteins | they act as transcription factors
56
Hox genes
genes similar to drosophila homeotic genes found in mammals
57
C. elegans advantages
- small size - short generation time - many eggs per female - easy to culture in lab - simple body plan - transparent - capable of self-fertilization or crossing
58
C. elegans contribution
- genetics of development - apoptosis - genetic control of behavior - aging
59
studies of cell death in c.elegans led to...
understanding of conserved cell death pathway present in other organisms
60
important features of c.elegans for its contributions to genetics
- general tissue lineage - the lineage of all 959 cells in adult is known - able to track all cells differentiation - the organism is transparent so we can use marker to determine where a particular gene product is produced
61
apoptosis
programmed cell death
62
why is apoptosis important for development
ex. mammals start off with webbed fingers. the extra tissue must be removed and joints created so some cells must die
63
advantages of Arabidopsis thaliana
- small size - short generation time - large seed production - can be grown in lab - small genome for a plant - many variations available - self-fertilization and outcrosses
64
contributions of Arabidopsis thaliana
- plant-genome organization - gene regulation - genetics of plant development - genetics of flowering
65
structure of arabidopsis
4 concentric whorls - outer with 4 sepals - next with 4 petals - next with 6 stamen - inner with 2 fused carpels which look like one structure
66
outer whorl
``` 4 sepals A class gene ```
67
whorl 2
``` 4 petals A and B class genes ```
68
whorl 3
``` 6 stamen B and C class genes ```
69
whorl 4
``` 2 fused carpals C class genes ```
70
a class genes control the...
switch to initiate flower development
71
C class important in...
limiting the number of whorls to 4
72
A class mutant
whorl 1 and 2 are mutant | whorl 3 and 4 are typical
73
B class mutant
whorl 2 and 3 mutant | whorl 1 and 2 are typical
74
C class mutant
whorl 1 and 2 typical | whorl 3 and 4 are mutant
75
agamous
c class gene that prevents more than 4 whorls
76
FLC gene
suppresses flowering when on
77
how is FLC turned on
acetylation | prevents flowering
78
FLD gene
produces deacetylase enzyme that removes acetylation on the chromatin of FLC allowing flowering
79
If FLC gene knocked out
flowering occur
80
If FLD gene knocked out
flowering prevented
81
If both FLD and FLC knocked out
flowering occurs
Genetics Test 4
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