what is the treatment-aetiology fallacy?
It’s the false belief that since a treatment works, it was a lack of whatever the treatment was that caused the disorder
What are 3 strength of using brain scans to study schizophrenia?
- Scientific
- objective
- replicable
> making the findings more reliable
> as technology develops, we can have a better understanding of the brain
Why is it a weakness that many schizophrenic patients in brain scan studies take antipsychotic medication?
Because antipsychotics may themselves cause structural brain changes, making it unclear whether the abnormalities are due to the illness or the treatment
Why is cause and effect unclear in structural brain abnormalities and schizophrenia?
It’s unknown whether brain abnormalities cause schizophrenia or are an effect of having the disorder or its treatment
Why can the presence of structural abnormalities be a weakness in diagnosis?
These abnormalities are not exclusive to schizophrenia—they are also found in bipolar and schizoaffective disorders
> making diagnosis less specific
are bio theories determinist or free will
Highly deterministic, no room for free will:
- Schizophrenics will often have no control over their behaviour and symptoms
- Insisting that a schizophrenic has free will may actually be detrimental to their recovery
are bio theories idiographic or nomothetic
highly nomothetic:
- Sees a person as a list of symptoms
are bio theories scientific
Yes- Lots of evidence that schizophrenia is biological, particularly as it runs in families
Also responds well to biological treatments
> But be cautious of the treatment-aetiology fallacy
One day we might be able to use brain scans to diagnose
> Brain scans are also highly scientific
are bio theories hollistic or reductionist
Reductionist:
- Ignores social and cultural factors
what did McCarley et al. (1999) find
- enlarged ventricles are the most reliable findings when using brain scans on schizo’s
- suggest factors such as the age, sex and severity of symptoms can all effect if brain abnormalities are present or detected
> suggests structural abnormalities may only appear in diagnosed schizophrenics or the need to notice subtel changes in brain structure - Differences in research methods and patient assessment may explain why some studies fail to replicate findings, highlighting the need for more precise measurement techniques
what did flashman and green (2004) find
- they found the link between cortical atrophy and schizophrenia is confirmed
> cortical atrophy = rare form of dementia
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3.1.0 CRIME18
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3.1.1 Bio exp. 1 : inherited criminality31
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3.1.1 Bio exp.1: Inherited Criminality Evaluation17
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3.1.1 Bio exp. 2 : Role of the Amygdala14
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3.1.1 Bio exp. 2: Role of the Amygdala evaluation6
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3.1.2 Individual differences exp. 1: Cognitive Factors26
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3.1.2 Individual differences exp. 1: Cognitive Factors Evaluation8
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3.1.2 Individual differences exp. 2: Esyenck's Criminal Personality11
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3.1.2 Individual differences exp. 2: Esyenck's Criminal Personality Evaluation10
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3.1.3 Social exp. 1: Differential Association Theory12
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3.1.3 Social exp. 1: Differential Association Theory Evaluation10
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3.1.3 Social exp. 2: Gender Socialisation11
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3.1.3 Social exp. 2: Gender Socialisation Evaluation7
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3.1.4 Method 1: Restorative Justice14
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3.1.4 Method 1: Restorative Justice Evaluation16
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3.1.4 Method 2: Anger Management12
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3.1.4 Method 2: Anger Management Evaluation8
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3.2.0 ADDICTION1
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3.2.1 Characteristics of Addiction14
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3.2.2 Bio exp. 1: Dopamine17
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3.2.2 Bio exp. 1: Dopamine Evaluation0
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3.2.2 Bio exp. 2. Genetics0
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3.2.2 Bio exp. 2. Genetics Evaluation0
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3.2.3 Individual Differences: Personality0
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3.2.3 Individual Differences: Personality Evaluation0
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3.2.3 Individual Differences: Cognitive0
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3.2.3 Individual Differences: Cognitive Evaluation0
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3.2.4 Social: Peer Influences0
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3.2.4 Social: Peer Influences Evaluation0
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3.2.4 Social: Role of the Media0
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3.2.4 Social: Role of the Media Evaluation0
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3.2.5 Method: Agonists & Antagonists0
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3.2.5 Method: Agonists & Antagonists Evaluation0
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3.2.5 Method: Aversion Therapy0
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3.2.5 Method: Aversion Therapy Evaluation0
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3.3.0 SCHIZOPHRENIA25
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3.3.1 Bio exp.1: Dopamine Hypothesis13
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3.3.1 Bio exp.1: Dopamine Hypothesis Evaluation7
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3.3.1 Bio exp.2: Structural Abnormalities12
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3.3.1 Bio exp.2: Structural Abnormalities Evaluation0
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3.3.2 Individual Diff. exp.1: Schizophregenic mother- psychodynamic0
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3.3.2 Individual Diff. exp.1: Schizophregenic mother Eval.0
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3.3.2 Individual Diff. exp.2: Cognitive Explanations0
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3.3.2 Individual Diff. exp.2: Cognitive Explanations Evaluation0
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3.3.3 Social exp. 1: Dysfunctional Families0
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3.3.3 Social exp. 1: Dysfunctional families eval.0
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3.3.3 Social exp. 2: Sociocultural Factors1
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3.3.3 Social exp. 2: Sociocultural Factors eval.0
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3.3.4 Method 1: Antipsychotic drugs6
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3.3.4 Method 1: Antipsychotic Drugs eval.0
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3.3.4 Method 2: CBT1
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3.3.4 Method 2: CBT eval.0
