1
Q
earliest european/colonialist ideals about parks
A
- “god’s idea”
- harvest + control = good
- wild nature + unknown wilderness = bad
2
Q
what 2 major things happend in the late 1800’s in N. America?
A
- American Bison went extinct
- railways dominated landscape
^ shows very rapid change of landscape caused by colonialism
3
Q
WHY and WHEN was yellowstone set aside to become a national park?
A
1860’s
1. set aside for specific purpose of avoiding major development
4
Q
WHEN did yellowstone officially become the first national park?
A
1872
5
Q
WHY did Banff become a park and what was it called at first?
A
- Sir John A Macdonald discovered sulphur springs and wanted to create a place to compete with Europe
- Rocky Mountain National Park (1885)
6
Q
WHEN was the Dominion Forest Reserves and Parks Act enacted and WHAT did it create?
A
1911
created 2 categories of parks: Dominion parks (historical significance) and Forest reserves (ecological siginificance)
7
Q
HOW did Parks Canada become a thing and WHO was the 1st commissioner?
A
- the Dominion Parks Branch (part of the dominion forest reserves and parks act) expanded and created ideals of conserving historic AND ecologically important landscapes (not just for economic gain)
- James B. Harkin
8
Q
WHEN was the Transfer of Resources Agreement made and WHAT did it say?
A
1930
- jurisdiction/control over all natural resources now up to provincial gov’t, not federal gov’t
9
Q
WHEN was the National Parks Act made and WHAT did it create?
A
1930
- “MAINTAINED AND MADE USE OF of in a way that leaves then unimpaired for the enjoyment of future generations”
- created a DUAL MANDATE that still causes confusion b/c it is impossible to maintain AND use resources at the same time
important b/c it standardized + united all parks acts and made them legally enforceable
10
Q
WHEN was the National Parks Policy made and WHAT did it say?
A
1964
- much more broad and detailed than NP Act
1. exploitation not permitted
2. “urban-type” red. facilities not permitted
3. all development must contribute to enjoyment/conservation of park in a natural condition
-called for more participation and co-managment
11
Q
Grasshopper effect
A
polluted water gets evaporated in mid-latitudes and then gets concentrated in frozen state in arctic latitudes
12
Q
how much of canada’s land is national park and why?
A
~3%
this land is set aside because larger predators/protected species are concentrated in small areas
13
Q
Issue with recreation in national parks
A
parks w/ recreational activities are usually highly developed with only one/few areas set aside for nature
14
Q
What did the Ecological Integrity Panel do in 2000?
A
SHEILA COPPS - heritage minister who put 1 year moratorium on development in parks
15
Q
WHEN was the National Parks Act revised and WHAT did it say?
A
2000
revised goal to “maintenence/restoration of ecological integrity thru protection of natural resources and processes is the FIRST PRIORITY when considering all management aspects of a park”
*basically main goal changed from “maintenence and use” to “EI is the 1st priority” *
(good goal but didnt have much effect on mngmnt)
16
Q
What factors does Parks Can use to evaluate ecological integrity?
A
- loosing species?
- trophic levels in tact?
- biological communities exhibit diversity of age and spatial arragement?
- productivity + decomp acting within acceptable limits?
- nutrient cycling w/in acceptable limits?
17
Q
WHEN and WHY did Parks Canada become Parks Can Agency and WHAT happend?
A
2000
- thought it would allow them to step outside gov’t restrictions
- lost all gov’t funding and had to raise own $$
- tourism #’s began falling
- many programs cuts
18
Q
At what point should monopolization of parks for $$$ stop? TRADE OFFS
A
- people and money for conservation efforts OR no people and high EI
- need $$ to pay scientists for EI efforts
- need to reduce # of visitors to slow development/reduce impacts
- need $$ to protect land from nearby pollution/resource extraction
19
Q
READING: Model of Administrative Penetration
A
“adiministrative penetration”: when decision-makers priorities impede on park boundaries
-example: logging slightly over park boundaries / developing more infra to make more $$
- results from wording of legislation (ex. “preseved and made use of”)
- pretty much creates loopholes for decision-makers to take advantage of resources and end up degrading env. instead of conserving
- also results in land use being determined by the “highest bidder”
3 groups most involved:
- Entrepeneurs: capitialist, promote development for $$ (goal=$)
- Environmentalists: organized env. groups, communicate interests btwn public and decision-makers (goal = influence policy)
- Aboriginals: political organizations that communicate their interests (goal = influence policy)
Quick timeline of 3 group’s influence:
1880-1970: entrepenuers have primary influence
1970-present: environmentalists more influential
1987 -present: aboriginal interests and sovereignty more influential starting with Haida case
20
Q
When did environmentalists have a “big score”? i(nfluence-wise)
A
1971
Lake Louise expansion project sucessfully prevented
21
Q
Case Study of Development: Jasper National Park
A
- Visitor rates dropped 50% since 2005
- used to have a free veiwing point, Brewster came in and built glass skywalk and charges hella $$ for it
- propsed to build “fixed-roof” structures and a hotel (both not approved tho)
- they did put in OTENTIK structures tho - semi-permanent
- EVEN THO it’s aginst n.p. policy and park managmnt plan it’s in critical caribou habitat
22
Q
“Urban” National Parks
A
- “natural, cultural and agricultural features”
- heritage/historic sites
- good b/c it prevents more development
- bad b/c it takes away focus from further conservation and puts more focus on tourism
- Parks Can. involved but not NP Act (why are they spending $$ on this instead of actual N. Parks?)
23
Q
MEA (millenuim env. assessment) 4 categories of ecosystem services (PRCS)
A
- PROVISIONING: food water, air, medicine, fuel…
- REGULATING: climate regulation, water filtration, waste assimilaiton….
- CUTURAL: heritage sites, spiritual areas, tourism, education
- SUPPORTING: soil formation, nutrient cycles….
24
Q
STV, PTV, PAV, MV
A
STV= scientific target value PTV = policy target value PAV = protected area value MV = market value
MUCH disagreement btwn STV and PTV
IUCN Goals determined by PAV and MV
25
Convention on Biodiversity goal C (IUCN) + 2 issues with it
by 2020, 17% terrestrial/inland water and 10% marine areas conserved
* Goal set for 2012 but not reached so they extended it*
* 10% marine goal almost reached BUT they are out in the HIGH SEAS - not in coral beds, seagrass, estuaries, where we really need them*
26
OEABCM's
Other Effective Area-Based Conservation Measures
MUST HAVE:
-purpose to conserve nature
-management with long-term goals
-nature conservation objectives that will not be compromised by conflicting objectives
-results in significant conservation outcomes
-mngmnt regime that is resonably expected to succeed
27
ICCA's
ICCA : Indigenous Community Conservation Area
areas where local people hold power over decision-making and have effective mngmnt methods because they place large value on area
28
WHEN was the Rocky Mountain Parks Act established and WHY is it important?
1887
established boundaries of rocky mt. nat. park (which later became banff)
-first act in Canada to outline the national park concept (balancing conservation and development interests)
29
WHAT is the National Parks System Plan and WHEN was it established?
1971
- approved as a basis for deciding where to put national parks
- divides canada into 39 eco-regions & goal is to put 1 park in each one of them
- goal to set aside "distinct natural landscapes"
30
"Revenue policy"
moratorium that says "no net development within parks EXCEPT for in designated communities"
example: banff, lake louise...
31
WHEN was SARA passed and WHAT does it say/what is the main issue?
2003
- based in legislation BUT gives decision-making power of which species are "at risk" to politicians instead of scientists
- requires parks to take action to protect species at risk
32
WHY was the establishment of Banff/Lake Louise important?
- very selective access into parks before 60's
- Lake Louise was 1st time alot of people could really see what was at stake
- public very opposed to development
- led to 1st public hearings in Canada and decision that development was too much
*RESULTED IN PUBLIC CONSULTATION PROCESS IN INITIAL PARK PLANNING*
33
Bruce Downie's presentation
Aboriginal Mngmnt in Kluane and Ivvavik National Parks
KLUANE: Champagne and Aishihik FN established the Kluane Nat. Park Mngmnt Board - shared responsibilty and can make recommendations to MoE
IVVAVIK: IFA (Inuvialuit Final Agreement) - 1st land claim in NW territories - this park resulted from this land claim, NOT thru parks canada
Berger commission: 1970- first good example of how development should happen - prioritized public interest
Parks Canada Policy: aknowledgment of policy needed that includes FN in process
6 North of 60: proposal for 6 nat. parks in the north - area-based plan for establishing parks
Healing broken Connections: 2004-2009 - program to help mend divide btwn FN and gov't/park decision-makers - comanagement
34
Meares Island
"biosphere reserve" & UNESCO world heritage site & includes a tribal park
*tribal park delayed logging on the island
35
Muskwa - Kechika
- area from yellowstone up to yukon
- 6.4 million hectares (double size of van. island)
- "working wilderness" : high potential for resource conflict and mngnt issues
- has an advisory board but kinda ignored by the gov't
- sector plans allow mining but not forestry
36
Active management VS. Passive management
active: actually going into parks and manipulating parts/processes in ecocystem
* only happens if damage is severe/irreversible
(example: culling, stocking, planting...)
passive: letting an ecosystem recover on it's own and preventing as much human impact as possible
37
5 major 1988 amendments to the 1930 National Parks Act
1. made EI and park protection 1st priority over "enjoyment and tourism"
2. legally binding
3. legal recognition of wilderness areas
4. MoE required to report state&progress of parks to parliment every 2 years
5. public participation stregthened
38
What is the Endangered Species Campaign and what is it's main goal & what caused it to start?
1989 - CPAWS and WWF launched this campaign to challenge gov't to complete PA system goals by 2000
Goal: get enough public support to cause political action
STARTED BECAUSE:
1. 1985 survey of PA system found they were very far from complete
2. 1987 env. canada reports that areas suitable for wilderness protection were rapidly disappearing
3. 1987 "our common future" published - (look up)
39
In what ways are PA's a symbol of human success and failure?
success: without PA's there would prolly be no nature left, it would all be consumed by economic activity
failure: many goals have fail to be met because human values have not shifted enough to make conservation the first priority / still many loopholes that allow activities that degrade env.
40
Idea of National Parks in the UK
- mostly category 5+6
- many conserved for the sole purpose of hunting
- land use not seen as a bad thing - development reinforced as part of parks
41
National Parks in France
- managed 2/3 by local boards, 1/3 by MoE
- largely focused on aesthetic instead of land use
- ~75% privately owned
- rest is under specific jurisdictions (ex. forestry.....)
42
Hmong people
SE Asia, originally from Mongolia
- forward thinking/future oriented
- swidden agriculturalists
- "primary swiddeners"
43
primary VS. rotational swiddeners
Primary: burn area, use land for as long as possible and then never use again
(Hmong)
Rotational: burn area, use for ~2-3 years and then let it replenish for ~10 years and then reuse it
(Karen)
44
Doi Inthanon N. Park
est. 1954
- Thailand's highest mountain
- used to have HUGE biodiversity but then people began agriculture inside park boundaries
- Hmong grew opium
- Got in troubs and switched to growing cabbage
- MUCH more land used to grow cabbage
- had huge impacts on conservation, biodiversity and # of species in park
- huge impact also from people hunting more inside park to make more $$$
45
Umkoi Wildlife Sanctuary
- Thailand
- Known for endangered species (goral, banteng, gaur, last herd of forest elephants)
- domesticated cattle compete with wild cattle and take over important resources
46
Mo Ku Surin National Park
- offshore island chain on coast of Thailand
- kinda isolated so the ecosystem/coral was very sensitive to pollutants/rising ocean temp
- massive coral bleaching in 2010 - 90% coral dead
- reefs now recovering but NO FISH because of major overfishing
- fertilizer bombs + squid boats + no patrolling in area = no fish
- huge increase in tourism in the past 10 years
- generates lots of $$ but has bad impacts such as putting statues on the reefs
47
Moken people
Sea Gypsies
- complete lifestyle change caused by changes in oceanlife/overfishing
- traditionally nomadic & lived on boats and were ocean hunter/gatherers
- commercial fishing took all fish and food from area
- Moken couldnt survive on sea hunting/gathering anymore
- Park restrictions also prevented Moken from harvesting anything within park boundaries
- caused them to shift to a village lifestyle
- now they have settled villages, schools, clinics, mainstream religion and increase in consumer goods
- still harvest food from ocean but mainly for sale, not to eat
48
Karen people
- rotational swiddeners
- intermarry with Moken
- movement from interior Thai forests down to coast
- now harvest parrot fish @ night
- probably will end up being the cause of decline of entire reef health in those areas
49
Alessia's Presentation on MPA network in the Coral Triangle
- over 1600 community-based MPA's
- bottom-up planning system, community has a big say
- ^^ this results in most MPA being small in size tho
- MPA's mostly coral reefs, fail to represent full range of habitats (seagrass, mangroves...)
- this system is used more as a fishery tool then a conservation tool tho
- uses SPC
50
Systematic Conservation Planning (SPC)
aims to design MPA's with conservation objectives as the priority, with minimal impacts to stakeholders
51
Chapter 3
"Protecting Park Ecosyetms"
*5 ways of thinking about conservation in parks (big, connected, vulnerble species, health, uncertainty)
- EI and EBM
- fragmentation
- vulnerable species
- monitoring
- adaptive mngnmnt
- active vs. passive management
- perscribed burns
- hunting/fishing in NP's
52
difference between policy, legislation and regulations
legislation: federal level - Parks Canada has authority - legally binding - vague
policy: statements of intent and important direction/guidance - more detailed than leg. - not enforceable by law unless is incorporated into legislated document
regulations: rules about protection, licensing, activities in certain zones, protection, traffic, domestic and wild animals, etc., made by cabinet
53
Zoning System purpose and 5 categories (SWNOP)
purpose: organizes management objectives/recreational activities by allowing different intensities of visitors in each zone
1. SPECIAL PRESERVATION = no vehicles or roads or infra allowed, this zone is for endagered animals/features that best represent the larger area
2. WILDERNESS: no vehicles or roads allowed, minimal infra, remote & large
3. NATURAL ENV: "rustic" facilities, outdoor recreation, busses/roads allowed
4. OUTDOOR REC: small/medium areas in which lots of rec. acivities take place, direct car/road access
5. PARK SERVICE: communities w/in parks, major facilities/infra
54
ROS (Recreational Oppourtunity Specialists)
focuses on land classification for recreational activities
55
LAC (Limits of Acceptable Change system)
focuses on visitor management / allocation of types and levels of use
56
what is the purpose of a Business plan?
- primary document for implementation (of visitors/tourism in parks)
- covers 5 years
- combines planning for n. parks and n. historical sites
57
what is the purpose of a Management plan?
- primary mechanism for accountability
| - legally required in legislation
58
what is the purpose of a Tactical plan?
- detailed set of tasks/actions
- only covers 1-3 years
- not required but super good guidance tool when u need to do something
59
goal of Stewardship
create, nuture and enable responsibilty in users and owners to manage and protect land and resources
HARD FENCES to SOFT FENCES
60
WHY did IUCN create PA category system and what does each category mean? (SWNNHPP)
-different ideas + terminology about pa's, IUCN recognized this issue in 1970's and created category system to standardize/reduce confusion
1A. STRICT NATURE RESERVE (strictly for protection/biodiversity, human access very limited)
1B. WILDERNESS AREA (no permanent human habitation, strictly for preservation of natural condition)
2. NATIONAL PROTECTED AREA (recreational visitation, educational, protects cultural/spiritual/ecological areas)
3. NATURAL MONUMENT (protection of a specific natural feature)
4. HABITAT/SPECIES MNGMNT ARE (protection of specific habitat/species, may need active mngmnt )
5. PROTECTED LANDSCAPE/SEASCAPE (interaction of humans+nature over time has created area of distinct ecological/cultural/scenic value)
6. PROTECTED AREA W/ SUSTAINABLE NATURAL RESOURCE USE (low-level, non-industrial natural resource use compatible w/ conservation
61
main problem with IUCN's pa category system and what does Phil suggest?
categories 5 and 6 have terminology loopholes that proponents use to develop in parks - objectives not actually contributing towards conservation
Phil's suggestion - 5 and 6 should be reclassified as "sustainable development areas"
62
what are the 3 "sub-cultural services" that nature provides? (OEB)
1. OPTION VALUE: valuable because it has potential for future use
2. EXISTENCE VALUE: more valuable if it exists vs. if it went extinct
3. BEQUEST VALUE: value of being able to pass down to future generations
63
"fences+fines" VS. "social fences"
fences and fines: current approach of keeping accountability of park users/stakeholders - no trust, bad feels
social fences: local people are the "fences", they protect the area, ideal relationship btwn gov't, users/stakeholders, requires trust
64
4 challenges of parks and poverty AND 2 ways that they help alleviate poverty
bad:
1. displacement
2. loss of food/water source
3. loss of potential agri land/ space for infra
3. illegal agriculture, poaching and fishing
good:
1. spillover effect
2. legal tourism/hunting creates revenue
65
spillover effect
when a population begins to recover and grow to a point where they expand out of the protected boundaries
* indicator of successful species/habitat conservation*
* mostly happens in MPA's but sometimes in terrestrial pa's too*
66
3 types of governance (JCC)
1. JOINT MNGMNT: no party has ultimate authority, agreement must be reached with all involved parties
2. CO-MANAGEMENT: authority shared btwn 2 or more parties
3. COLLABORATIVE MNGMNT: authority held by 1 party but required to collaborate with other parties interests
67
CHAPTER 10:
| 9 tools in the "steward's toolbox" (ERVCTMMEP) starting from the cheapest, easiest and most casual
1. EDUCATION
2. RECOGNITION: plaques, dedications...
3. VERBAL AGREEMENT: "handshake agreement" to conserve
4. CREATIVE DEVELOPMENT: careful planning that maintains part of a habitat
5. TECHINICAL ASSISTANCE: tools provided for restoring/conserving
6. MNGMNT INCENTIVES: tax breaks, payments....
7. MNGMNT AGREEMENTS: land owner allows organization to manage/conserve land but still has ownership
8. EASEMENTS: conditons under which certain land uses are restricted - can be negotiated to fit owner's desires and sometimes they get a reward for sticking to easement
9. PRIVATE LAND AQUISITION: conservation org. has rights over entire property - buy land w/ $ or land is donated
68
READING: Boundary Model (scharewald, cox and bayless)
boundaries = permeable membrane that filters out some undesireable influences on parks/resources
2 types:
1. Generated: man made
2. Natural: mountains, river, cliff.....
GRADIENT: measures the severity of impacts on the edge of p.a.
- steep: rapid ecological impact
- low: impact not so harsh
*suggestion to avoid steep gradients: buffer zone around edge of p.a.'s
CASE STUDY: meares island - pac. rim n.p.
69
READING: Hill tribes in N. Thailand
2 types of people:
1. Ecosystem ppl: live in nature, change habits w/ changing ecosystem, low impact
2. Biosphere ppl: use resources from biosphere, high impact
suggested solution: permit occupancy by those groups that have low relative effects on park ecosystem
CASE STUDY: Doi Inthanon
- shifting methods of cultivation resulted in deforestation of at least 1000 km
- most large animals been hunted out
- Hmong, Karen ppl, swidden agriculture, opium, cabbages
353
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