What are primates?
Mammals with large brain size, binocular vision, and opposable thumbs (e.g., lemurs, monkeys, apes, humans).
What type of reproduction do primates have?
They produce a small number of young and take great care of them.
Why is parental care important in primates?
It provides many opportunities for young primates to learn complex social behaviours essential for survival.
What forms of communication do social primates use?
Facial expressions, body posture, grooming, and sexual presentation.
What is the purpose of ritualistic displays and appeasement behaviours in primates?
To reduce unnecessary conflict within the group.
Why must young primates learn behaviours that support the social hierarchy?
These behaviours reduce unnecessary conflict, saving energy and improving survival.
What is sexual presentation used for in primates?
Females use it to appease dominant males.
What are ritualistic displays in primates?
Facial expressions and body postures used when competing for a resource to appear dominant.
What is grooming used for in primates?
It is an example of reciprocal altruism and helps build friendships.
Do communication behaviours differ between primate species?
Yes, these behaviours can differ between species.
What is an example of a ritualistic display in chimps?
Chimps adopt a swaggering posture to look larger and an open‑mouthed expression to look fiercer.
What is the outcome of ritualistic displays?
They eventually lead to one individual being defeated by the other.
What are appeasement behaviours in primates?
Facial expressions and body postures used by the defeated individual to appear submissive.
What exists within a primate society regarding rank?
A social hierarchy in which each member accepts its place.
How do primates behave toward higher‑ranking individuals?
They tend to refrain from challenging members of higher rank.
Is an individual’s status fixed in a primate hierarchy?
No, an individual’s status does not necessarily remain fixed.
How can some primates increase their social status?
By communicating and forming alliances with other individuals in the group.
What are examples of primates that form alliances?
Monkeys and apes.
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3.1.A food supply25
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3.1.B photosynthesis47
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3.2.A plant and animal breeding by manipulation of heredity5
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3.2.B plant field trials8
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3.2.C inbreeding14
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3.2.D cross breeding and F1 hybrids11
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3.2.E genetic technology10
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3.3.A weed and crop plant competition17
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3.3.B control of weeds, pests, and diseases9
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3.3.C pesticides, advantages and problems25
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3.3.D biological control and integrated pest management10
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3.4 animal welfare27
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3.5 symbiosis5
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3.5.A parasitic relationships and transmission20
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3.5.B mutualism12
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3.6.A social groups19
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3.6.B altruism and kin selection9
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3.6.C social insects13
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3.6.D primate behaviour18
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3.7 components of biodiversity13
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3.8.A exploitation and recovery of populations19
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3.8.B habitat loss and fragmentation11
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3.8.C introduced, naturalised and invasive species13
