1140 Midterm > 4 > Flashcards

4 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is hypoglycemia?

A

Low blood sugar <4MMOL/L

Hypoglycemia can lead to symptoms such as shakiness and confusion.

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2
Q

What is hyperglycemia?

A

High blood sugar >11MMOL/L

Hyperglycemia can lead to increased thirst and frequent urination.

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3
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of hypoglycemia?

A
  • Shakiness
  • Sweating
  • Confusion
  • Dizziness
  • Hunger

These symptoms indicate a need for immediate treatment to raise blood sugar levels.

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4
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of hyperglycemia?

A
  • Increased thirst
  • Frequent urination
  • Fatigue
  • Blurred vision

Persistent hyperglycemia may require medical intervention.

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5
Q

What are some organs in the lymphatic system?

A
  • Lymph Nodes: Filter germs and help fight infection
  • Spleen: Removes old blood cells and fights infection
  • Thymus: Helps make immune cells
  • Tonsils: Trap germs from air and food

These organs play crucial roles in the immune response.

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6
Q

What is the function of the lymphatic system?

A
  • Supports the cardiovascular system by returning excess fluid to the circulatory system via lymphatic vessels
  • Immunity and protection: Lymph nodes, lymph tissues, and lymph organs pick up debris, filter bacteria and aid in developing immunity

The lymphatic system is essential for fluid balance and immune function.

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7
Q

What are the two major ducts of the lymphatic system?

A
  • Right lymphatic duct
  • Left lymphatic duct (thoracic duct)

These ducts are responsible for draining lymph from different parts of the body.

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8
Q

What is edema?

A

Swelling caused by excess fluid trapped in the body’s tissues

Edema can indicate underlying health issues, such as heart or kidney problems.

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9
Q

What is immunity?

A

The body’s way of protecting itself from germs and infections

Immunity is crucial for preventing disease and maintaining health.

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10
Q

What are the two types of immunity?

A
  • Non-specific immunity: body’s reaction to anything it sees as foreign which enters the body
  • Specific immunity: body’s reaction to a specific foreign agent

Both types work together to protect the body from pathogens.

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11
Q

What is the difference between the first line of defense and the second line of defense?

A
  • First line of defense: Mechanical & physical barriers- e.g. intact skin, mucous membranes
    Chemical barriers- e.g. tears
    Reflexes- e.g. sneeze, cough
  • Second line of defense: Inflammation, phagocytosis, fever

The first line provides immediate protection, while the second line responds to infections.

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12
Q

What is a pathogen?

A

A harmful germ, like a virus, bacteria, or fungus, that can cause disease or infection

Pathogens are responsible for many infectious diseases.

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13
Q

What are the two outcomes to pathogens?

A
  • Infection: The pathogen enters the body and causes illness
  • Immunity: The body fights off the pathogen, often creating future protection

Understanding these outcomes is important for disease prevention and treatment.

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14
Q

What are phagocytes?

A

Phagocytes are immune cells that ‘eat’ and destroy germs. They help clear infections.

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15
Q

What is a fever?

A

A fever is a high body temperature, often above 100.4°F (38°C), caused by the body fighting an infection. Symptoms include feeling hot, chills, and sweating.

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16
Q

What is inflammation?

A

Inflammation is swelling, redness, heat, and pain in affected areas. It’s the body’s way of protecting itself and healing.

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17
Q

What are the two types of lymphocytes?

A

The two types of lymphocytes are B-cells and T-cells.

B-cells make antibodies to help fight infections, while T-cells kill infected cells and help control immune responses.

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18
Q

What is an autoimmune disease?

A

An autoimmune disease occurs when the body’s immune system attacks its own healthy cells by mistake, causing pain, inflammation, and damage.

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19
Q

What is the process of inhalation?

A

Inhalation (inspiration) is the process of breathing in.

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20
Q

What is the process of exhalation?

A

Exhalation (expiration) is the process of breathing out.

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21
Q

What are the organs of the respiratory system?

A

The organs include the nose and nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs, and alveoli.

These organs work together to bring oxygen into the body and remove carbon dioxide.

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22
Q

What is gas exchange?

A

Gas exchange is the process where oxygen and carbon dioxide are swapped in the body.

In the lungs, oxygen moves into the blood from alveoli, and carbon dioxide moves from the blood into the alveoli.

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23
Q

What are age-related changes to the respiratory system?

A
  • May lead to SOBOE or dyspnea even at rest
  • Skeletal changes
  • Hardening of arteries
  • Weakened throat muscles
  • Weakened vocal cords
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24
Q

What is fluid balance?

A

Fluid balance means having the right amount (2000 - 2500 mL) of water in the body. The body keeps this balance by taking in fluids and losing fluids.

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25
Why do we need water in the body?
Water helps digest food and absorb nutrients, keeps cells and organs working, controls body temperature, removes waste through urine and sweat, and lubricates joints. Water is essential for almost every body function.
26
What is dehydration?
Dehydration is not having enough water in the body, causing dry mouth, dizziness, and low urine output.
27
What is the HCA role in dehydration?
The HCA encourages drinking fluids, watches for signs of dehydration, and reports to the nurse.
28
What is edema?
Edema is swelling due to too much fluid in the body's tissues, often in legs or hands.
29
What is the HCA role in edema?
The HCA helps elevate swollen areas if advised, monitors for changes, and follows any fluid restriction orders.
30
What is fluid restriction?
Fluid restriction is limiting the amount of fluids a person can drink, often for heart or kidney issues.
31
What is the HCA role in fluid restriction?
The HCA measures and records all fluids, reminds the person of limits, and ensures they don't exceed their fluid limit.
32
What are some specific orders regarding fluids?
Encourage fluids to increase fluid intake, restrict fluids for conditions like kidney or heart issues, NPO (Nil Per Os) means no fluids or food by mouth, and IV fluids provide fluids through an IV when oral intake isn't possible.
33
What is the normal fluid intake for adults per day?
Normal fluid intake is 1.5L per day
34
What are components of the digestive system?
Mouth, Esophagus, Stomach, Liver, Pancreas, Small Intestine, Large Intestine, Gallbladder, Rectum and Anus.
35
What is the function of the mouth in digestion?
Starts digestion by chewing and mixing food with saliva.
36
What is the role of the esophagus?
Carries food from the mouth to the stomach.
37
What does the stomach do?
Breaks down food with acids and enzymes.
38
What is the function of the liver?
Produces bile to help digest fats.
39
What does the pancreas do?
Releases enzymes for digestion and regulates blood sugar.
40
What is the role of the small intestine?
Absorbs nutrients from digested food.
41
What does the large intestine do?
Absorbs water and forms waste (stool).
42
What is the function of the gallbladder?
Stores bile from the liver.
43
What is the role of the rectum and anus?
Eliminate waste from the body.
44
What are the 6 basic processes of the digestive system?
Ingestion, Secretion, Mixing and propulsion, Digestion, Absorption, Defecation.
45
What is ingestion?
Taking food and drinks into the mouth.
46
What is secretion in digestion?
Producing and releasing digestive juices that help break down food.
47
What is mixing and propulsion?
Mixing food with digestive juices and moving it along the digestive tract.
48
What is digestion?
Breaking down food into smaller parts, including mechanical and chemical digestion.
49
What is absorption?
Taking nutrients from digested food into the bloodstream.
50
What is defecation?
Getting rid of leftover waste and indigestible parts of food from the body.
51
What are the 7 big steps in digestion?
1. Food enters the oral cavity. 2. Food is formed into a bolus. 3. Food is broken down into smaller pieces in the stomach. (semi-liquid chyme is formed) 4. Peristalsis pushes food into the small intestine. 5. Remaining chyme moves into the colon. 6. Peristalsis pushes feces from colon to the rectum. 7. Feces leave the body through the anus.
52
What happens in the oral cavity during digestion?
Food is broken down by teeth and moistened by saliva.
53
What occurs after the food is formed into a bolus?
The bolus is pushed into the pharynx and then into the esophagus.
54
How is food broken down in the stomach?
Physically by churning and chemically by gastric juices.
55
What happens to food after it leaves the stomach?
Peristalsis pushes it into the small intestine.
56
What happens to undigested nutrients and waste?
They move into the colon.
57
How are feces moved to the rectum?
Peristalsis pushes them from the colon.
58
What is the final step of digestion?
Feces leave the body through the anus.
59
What is the function of the pancreas?
Digestive function: It produces digestive enzymes that help break down carbohydrates, proteins, and fats in the small intestine. Endocrine function: It releases hormones, such as insulin and glucagon, into the bloodstream to help regulate blood sugar levels.
60
What are some HCA observations?
Appetite changes: Note any increase or decrease in the client's appetite. Bowel movements: Monitor frequency, consistency, and color of stool (e.g., diarrhea, constipation, or blood in stool). Nausea or vomiting: Observe if the client experiences any feelings of nausea or if they vomit. Abdominal pain: Report any complaints of pain, bloating, or discomfort in the abdominal area. Swallowing difficulties: Check for any issues the client may have while swallowing food or liquids. Weight changes: Track any significant weight loss or gain over time. Hydration status: Observe signs of dehydration, such as dry mouth or decreased urine output.
61
What is diarrhea?
Loose and watery stools, often caused by infections or food problems.
62
What is constipation?
Hard, dry stools that are difficult to pass, often due to low fiber or not enough water.
63
What is fecal incontinence?
Inability to control bowel movements, leading to accidental leakage of stool.
64
What is bowel training?
A method to help people have regular bowel movements.
65
What is irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)?
A condition causing belly pain, bloating, and changes in how often you go to the bathroom.
66
What is Crohn's disease?
An illness that causes inflammation in the digestive tract, leading to pain and diarrhea.
67
What is ulcerative colitis?
A disease that causes inflammation and sores in the colon, resulting in diarrhea and bleeding.
68
What is an ostomy?
Surgical creation of a stoma (artificial opening in the body)
69
What is vomiting?
Throwing up stomach contents, often due to sickness or irritation.
70
What is gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)?
A condition where stomach acid comes back up into the throat, causing heartburn.
71
What is celiac disease?
An autoimmune condition where eating gluten damages the intestine, causing digestive issues.
72
What is gallbladder disease?
Problems with the gallbladder, like gallstones, causing pain and digestive issues. ## Footnote Cholecystitis: stores form in the gallbladder and cause inflammation, stones may prevent bile from going into the digestive system
73
What is liver disease?
**Hepatitis:** caused by infection (viral, bacterial, parasitic), alcohol or drug use, toxins, mismatch during blood transfusion **Cirrhosis** occurs because of chronic or persistent liver disease, caused commonly by alcoholism. s/s: jaundice, enlarged liver, fatigue
74
Which lymph nodes you should know?
1. **Cervical lymph nodes:** drain and filter lymph from the head and neck area. 2. **Axillary lymph nodes:** drain and cleanse lymph from the upper extremities, shoulders, and breasts. 3. **Inguinal lymph nodes:** located in the groin and drain and cleanse lymph from the lower extremities and external genitalia.
75
3 parts of the small interstines
1. Duodenum (digestive juices) 2. Jejunum 3. Ileum
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