4 - Cognitive

Question 1

Who believes that development is mostly discontinuous

Answer 1

Piaget

Question 2

What is discontinuous development

Answer 2

Cognition develops through series of distinct stages

Question 3

Is development entirely continuous/discontinuous

Answer 3

No

Question 4

Stage theory

Answer 4

Universally experienced, invariant stages of development

Question 5

How does stage theory explain individual differences?

Answer 5

Speed of development

Question 6

Domain General Mechanism

Answer 6

All abilities are linked (not separate categories like math, interpersonal etc.)

Question 7

According to Piaget, where do individual strengths come from?

Answer 7

Interest -> pursuit of knowledge/learning/exploring

Question 8

What does “Children as active agents” mean?

Answer 8

Children seek stimulation out of what interests them in their environment

Question 9

Constructivist approach

Answer 9

Children build knowledge through interactions with their environment

Question 10

Assimilation

Answer 10

New experience incorporated into child’s existing theories (specific -> general)

Question 11

Accommodation

Answer 11

New experiences modify a child’s theory (general -> specific)

Question 12

Schemas

Answer 12

Small units of information allowing for the construction of knowledge

Question 13

What are the 4 stages of cognitive development (Piaget)

Answer 13

Sensorimotor
Preoperational
Concrete operational
Formal operational

Question 14

Sensorimotor age range

Answer 14

0-2

Question 15

Preoperational age range

Answer 15

2-7

Question 16

Concrete operational age range

Answer 16

7-11

Question 17

Formal operational age range

Answer 17

11+

Question 18

What age does goal directed behaviour/cause and effect emerge?

Answer 18

8-12 months

Question 19

A-not-B error

Answer 19

Hide something in spot A repeatedly, baby will find it. Hide it in spot B (in front of baby) and they will look in spot A

Question 20

Preoperational stage

Answer 20

Children cannot for mental operations, must rely on external operations

Question 21

Conservation of liquid task

Answer 21

Shown 2 glasses with same amount of liquid, 1 glass poured into tall skinny glass. Child in pre operational will think tall glass = more liquid

Question 22

Reversibility

Answer 22

Ability to go through series of steps in reverse direction to solve a problem

Question 23

Conservation

Answer 23

Understanding that same amount remains despite changes in appearance

Question 24

Egocentrism

Answer 24

Understanding limited to own perspective, lack of cognitive flexibility

Question 25

What are concrete operations

Answer 25

- Conservation - Reversibility - Less influenced by external appearance

Question 26

Formal opperations

Answer 26

- Abstract reasoning - Generate ideas without experiencing them - Increased metacognition

Question 27

What was Vygotsky on about?

Answer 27

Learning occurs in the social plane and is cultural

Question 28

Ontogenetic

Answer 28

development of individual over their lifetime

Question 29

Microgenetic

Answer 29

Changes occurring in brief periods of time

Question 30

Phylogenetic

Answer 30

Changes over evolutionary time

Question 31

Sociohistorical

Answer 31

Changes occurring across generations in culture/norms etc.

Question 32

How does a culture's history shape cognitive development?

Answer 32

Brain evolved to survive in environment, environment creates culture

Question 33

How is culture transmitted to children?

Answer 33

Adult interaction

Question 34

How does the language a child is exposed to impact their cognition?

Answer 34

Develops the way you think

Question 35

Intersubjectivity

Answer 35

Shared understanding among participants in an activity

Question 36

Social behaviours impact

Answer 36

Internal thoughts/understanding

Question 37

Children's involvement in structured activity with children more skilled than them leads to...

Answer 37

Cognitive growth

Question 38

Does structured activity need to require explicit instruction?

Answer 38

No

Question 39

Who's theory is the zone of proximal development

Answer 39

Vygotsky

Question 40

Zone of proximal development

Answer 40

Range of tasks too difficult for children to achieve on their own but can be accomplished with help from adults/skilled peers

Question 41

Scaffolding

Answer 41

Small steps & more guidance, eventually move to larger tasks with more independence

Question 42

What is the key part of scaffolding

Answer 42

Task shouldn't be too easy or too hard

Question 43

Private speech Vygotsky

Answer 43

Self-directed speech to guide/assist in new tasks

Question 44

Private speech Piaget

Answer 44

Egocentrist practice

Question 45

Inner speech

Answer 45

Internalization of private speech, requires practice communicating

Question 46

Flipped classroom

Answer 46

Traditional learning should be done outside the classroom, in class should be activity based

Question 47

How are hippocampal volume and socioeconomic status related in children

Answer 47

Higher SES = higher hippocampal volume

Question 48

Why does low SES impact hippocampal volume

Answer 48

Stress impairs hippocampus (can be prenatal or child's own)

Question 49

What are protective factors against impact to hippocampus due to low SES

Answer 49

Enriched environment and parental support

Question 50

How can you tell if a 10 month old will pass the A-not-B test?

Answer 50

If they have frontal activation (medial frontal and lateral frontal)

Question 51

Prolonged cognitive engagement

Answer 51

increases brain activation (theta waves) gradually

Question 52

How does the brain deal with different task demands

Answer 52

Modulate brain activity

Question 53

How are individual differences in performance predicted through EEG

Answer 53

Difference in brain activity

Question 54

Why do adults have stronger activation of visual areas during object recognition?

Answer 54

More adaptation to same object despite changes on viewpoints

Question 55

Do adults and children have the same brain resting rate?

Answer 55

Prolly not

Question 56

What can cause children having different resting rates

Answer 56

They actively have to inhibit moving/talking/fidgeting

Question 57

Default Mode Network

Answer 57

"New brain" regions of association cortex that fire together and rest together

Question 58

When is the default mode network active?

Answer 58

Remembering, envisioning, making social inferences

Question 59

Resting baseline

Answer 59

Reference point for comparison to cognitive activity

Question 60

Is the default mode network present at birth?

Answer 60

No

Question 61

How is irritability related to cognitive flexibility

Answer 61

Left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex activation associated with cog flexibility and positively correlated with irritability