What vascular events causes calor (i.e. heat)?
histamine mediated vasodilation
What vascular events causes tumor (i.e. swelling)?
oedema
histamine mediated increase in permeability of vessels
What vascular events causes rubor (i.e. redness)?
blood flow slows down
What vascular events causes loss of function?
swelling and pain
What can dysregulation of histamine lead to?
allergy (type 1 hypersensitivity)
What drug is used to target prostaglandins?
aspirin
What role does fibrin play in exudates?
walls of pathogen to stop it spreading. Give inflammatory cells substrate to hold onto/migrate through
What 4 ways are there to control the acute phase inflammatory response?
- mediators and neutrophils have a short half life
- stimulus removed (e.g. bacteria)
- mast cells and lymphocytes release anti-inflammatory products (lipoxins)
- macrophages release anti-inflammatory products
What cells are present in acute inflammation?
neutrophils, eosinophils and mast cells
What happens when an acute inflammation evolves into chronic inflammation?
- breakdown of myofibres
- fewer neutrophils
Define chronic inflammation
Inflammation of prolonger duration in which active inflammation, tissue destruction and attempts at repair occur simultaneously
What is the cause of chronic inflammation?
persistent damage (infection, exposure to toxic agent, autoimmunity, foreign body)
What are the major differences between acute and chronic inflammation?
- chronic inflammation has no exudate
- necrosis is not as prominent in acute inflammation
- formation od granulation tissue whilst trying to repair during chronic inflammation
What produces the granulation tissue during chronic inflammation?
fibroblasts
What are the causes of granulomatous inflammation?
infection
foreign molecule
reaction to tumours
immune disease (e.g. Crohn’s)
What is meant by resolution?
regeneration of normal functional parenchymal cells
tissue architecture returns to normal
What is the order of events in resolution?
- exudation
- red hepatisation
- grey hepatisation - when erythrocytes break down
What is meant by repair?
normal tissue is replaced by scar tissue
What is the process of repair?
fibroblasts produce collagen
collagen
remodelling - reorganisation of collagen fibres for maximal tensile strength
