4 ‘marker

Question 1

outline how the rise of the service economy has led to urban change

Answer 1

• happened as a result of globalisation and the growth of TNCs
• caused growth in corporate headquarters where TNCs can operate their global activities
• manufacturing jobs has not always been compensated by the growth in service jobs (Salford quays)
• high unemployment and greater social inequality

Question 2

outline purpose of a flood hydrograph

Answer 2

*track the progress of a storm in a drainage basin
* previous hydrographs - assess likelihood of flood or high flow rates
* preventative action to be taken such as raising temporary barriers
* compare drainage basins to see the impact of different land uses on flow rates

Question 3

outline impact of urban form on local weather and climate

Answer 3

*The structure of built-up areas causes changes to weather and climate, for example building and street patterns influence airflow
*Urban materials such as concrete used to build city landscapes absorb shortwave radiation
*This energy is slowly released at night increasing air temperatures
*Reduced vegetation in urban areas leads to lower levels of evapotranspiration, reducing humidity

Question 4

outline how human factors impact water cycle

Answer 4

• Deforestation reduce transpiration / increased runoff due to the lack of interception (1). flooding
• soil saturation
• Global warming increase the amount of precipitation in the atmosphere = downpours