4.1.8 vaccination

Question 1

define active immunity

Answer 1

when immune system is activated & manfactures own anitbodies

Question 2

define artificial immunity

Answer 2

immunity that’s achieved by medical intervention

Question 3

define epidemic

Answer 3

rapid spread of disease through high proportion of population

Question 4

define natural immunity

Answer 4

immunity achieved through normal life processes

Question 5

define passive immunity

Answer 5

immunity achieved when antibodies passed to individual by breast feeding or injection

Question 6

define vaccination

Answer 6

way of stimulating immune response so immunity is achieved

Question 7

forms of antigenic material used in vaccines

Answer 7

• whole, live microorganisms (usually not as harmful as those that cause real disease) = must have very similar antigens, so antibodies produced will be effective against real pathogen
• harmless, attenuated version of pathogen
• dead pathogen
• preparation of antigens from pathogen
• toxoid (harmless version of toxin)

Question 8

describe herd immunity

Answer 8

• using vaccine to provide immunity to all/almost all population at risk
• once enough are immune = disease cannot spread through population (‘herd immunity’)
• essential to vaccine most of population

Question 9

describe ring vaccination

Answer 9

• used when new case of disease is reported
• vaccinate people in immediate vicinity of new case/s
• used in most parts if world to control spread of livestock disease

Question 10

when can routine vaccination programmes be relaxed

Answer 10

when disease has been eradicated or reduced to such low incidence it’s unlikely to spread

Question 11

why must threats from epidemic be monitored

Answer 11

• so new strains of pathogens can be identified
• enables health authorities to prepare for impending epidemic by stockpiling suitable vaccines & vaccinating people at the most risk from disease

Question 12

vaccination programme for influenza

Answer 12

• people aged 65+ & with respiratory tract conditions at most risk
• people at risk are immunised to avoid a pandemic
• new versions of influenza vaccine have been developed as nasal spray
• strains of flu in immunisation programme change annually

Question 13

describe natural active immunity

Answer 13

• immunity provided by antibodies made in immune system as result of infection
• person suffers from disease once & is then immune

Question 14

describe artificial active immunity

Answer 14

• immunity provided by antibodies made in immune system due to vaccination
• person injected with weakened, dead or similar pathogen (or antigens) which activates their immune system

Question 15

describe natural passive immunity

Answer 15

• antibodies provided via placenta/breast milk
• make baby immune to diseases that the mother is immune to
• very useful in first year of babies lives (immune system is developing)

Question 16

describe artificial passive immunity

Answer 16

• immunity provided by injection of antibodies made by someone else
• tetanus can be treated this way when vaccination using toxoid hasn’t worked well