Biology Module 4 > 4.2 classification and evolution > Flashcards

4.2 classification and evolution Flashcards

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1
Q

why would we classify organisms?

A

-to identify species and avoid confusion
-to predict characteristics
-to find evolutionary links

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2
Q

what do you call the grouping of organisms?

A

classification

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3
Q

what is taxonomy?

A

the theory and practise of classification

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4
Q

what is taxonomy?

A

a form of classification that focuses on similarities between different…

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5
Q

what is phylogeny?

A

a way of classifying organisms to show the evolutionary reltionships between them so that every group shows a commo ancestor

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6
Q

what does artificial classification do?

A

divides orgnisms according to observable similarities and differences
-e.g colour, size and number of legs

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7
Q

why doesn’t artificial classification show any evolutionary relationships?

A

because although they have the sae function, they evolved seperately

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8
Q

what is natural classification?

A

it is based upon evolution relationships between organisms and their ancestors

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9
Q

name all 8 of the thingies

A

-domain
-kingdom
-phylum
-class
-order
-family
-genus
-species

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10
Q

in binomial naming, what does the first part indicate and how is it written?

A

first part indicates the genus
starts with a capital letter

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11
Q

in binomial naming, what does the second part mean?
how is it written?

A

the second part indicates the species
dtsrtd with lower case

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12
Q

what happens with bionmial naming if a subspecies is identified?

A

an extra name is added To their binomial name

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13
Q

how would you write the binomial names if you couldn’t do italics?

A

underline them

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14
Q

what would be expected to see in closely rrlated species’ DNA?

A

if theyre closely related, you’d expect to see similarities in their DNA base sequences

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15
Q

what are molecular systematics?

A

they use molecules such as DNA, RNA and proteins (amino acids) to interpret the evolutionary relationships between organisms

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16
Q

what are the three domains?

A

-eukrarya
-archaea
-bacteria

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17
Q

what does Woese’s system acknowledge?

A

-differences in the sequence of nucleotides in the cells’ ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
-differences in the cells’ membrane lipid structure and their sensitivity to antibiotics

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18
Q

Eukarya
how many ribosomes?
how many proteins does the RNA polyerase have?

A

-eukarya have 80s ribosomes
-RNA polymerase has 12 proteins

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19
Q

archaea
how many ribosomes?
how many proteins does the RNA polyerase have?

A

-archaea have 70s ribosomes
-8-10 proteins

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20
Q

bacteria
how many ribosomes?
how many proteins does the RNA polyerase have?

A

-70s ribosomes
-5 proteins

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21
Q

what are the structural differences between bacteria and the other 2 domains?

A

-different cell membrane structure
-flagella with a different internal structure
-different enzymes for synthesising RNA
-no proteins bound to their genetic material
-differentnmechanims for DNA replication and for RNA synthesis

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22
Q

what are the differences between bacteria and archaebacteria?

A

-different chemical makeup
-bacteria is found in all environments
-archaebacteria is ancient and can live in extreme environments

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23
Q

state 2 differences between fungi and plants

A

-fundi don’t have chloroplasts whereas plants do
-fungi can produce spores, plants don’t
-chitin cell wall vs cellulose cell wall

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24
Q

explain why prokaryotes are now classified as 2 separate domains?
3 marks

A

archaebacteria and eubacteria have different chemical makeups.
fubacteria ………

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25
what is evidence of evolution?
-palaeantology -comparative anatomy -comparative chemistry
26
what is divergent evolution?
the functions have evolved over time but are from a common ancestor
27
what is comparative biochemistry?
the study of similarities and differences in the proteins and other molecules that control life processes between organisms
28
what does it mean if a molecule is highly conserved among species?
it mens that it remains unchanged among species
29
what are the 2 most common studied molecules?
-cytochromec -rRNA
30
what is cytochromec?
it is a protein that is involved in respiration
31
why doesn't the variability in molecules affect the function?
because the variability occurs outside of the functional regions.
32
what are that don't affect the function called?
they are called 'neutral'
33
how do they figure out how closely related two species are?
the order of DNA bases or the order of amino acids in a protein are compared
34
what can be used to extrapolate how long ago 2 organisms had a shared common ancestor?
if you know the average mutation rate
35
why is rRNA commonly used with fossil record info to determine relationships between ancient species?
because rRNA has a very slow rate of substitution
36
how can mitochondrial DNA be used to trace the path of evolution?
-mDNA is always pssed from mother to offspring -mDNA has a higher rate of mutation that nDNA so there is lots of variation of mDNA between humans from different part sof the world -allows the path of evolution to be traced
37
why is there a lot of vaiation of mDNA between humans from different parts of the world?
because mDNA has a higher rate of mutation than nuclear DNA so there is a lot of variation
38
what are the three types of adaptations?
-anatomical adaptations -behavioural adaptations -physiological adaptations
39
what are anatomical adaptations?
physical structure/features internal and external
40
what are behavioural adaptations?
the way that organisms act itended and learned
41
what are physiological adaptations?
processes that take place inside an organism
42
anatomical adaptations how does ... contribute? body covering
hair/fur scale feathers shells spines
43
anatomical adaptations how does ... contribute? camouflage
outer colour can help them blend into their environment
44
anatomical adaptations how does ... contribute? feeding
teeth related to diet
45
anatomical adaptations how does ... contribute? mimicry
copying another organisms appearance or sounds to fool predators into thinking its dangerous
46
anatomical adaptations how does ... contribute? water regulation
thick waxy cuticle - plants
47
anatomical adaptations how does ... contribute? locomotion
streamlined shapes/fins
48
anatomical adaptations how does ... contribute? communication
displaying bright colours to warn other species of toxicity
49
50
What is a species?
A species is a. Group of organisms that are able to need to produce fertile living offspring.
51
What does classification do?
Classification organises organisms into groups based on similarities
52
What are the 8 ranks of hierarchical taxonomic system?
Domain Kingdoms Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species
53
What are the three domains?
Bacteria Archaea Eukarya
54
What four kingdoms does Eukarya include?
-plantae -animalia -proctoctista -fungi
55
What two parts are in the binomial naming system?
The genus and the species
56
How do you write using the binomial naming system?
-The genus comes first uppercase first letter -The species next all lowercase Homo sapiens
57
What are the five general kingdoms?
-Plantae -animalia -prokaryotae -protoctista -fungi
58
What’s the cell type of Plantae?
Eukaryotic
59
What’s the cellular organisation of Plantae?
Multicellular
60
Does Plantae have cell walls?
Yes Made of cellulose
61
How does Plantae store sugar?
Starch
62
How does Plantae reproduce?
Seeds or spores
63
What type of cell is animalia?
Eukaryotic
64
What’s the cellular organisation of animalia?
Multicellular
65
How do animalia store sugar?
Gylocgen
66
What’s the cell type of prokaryotae?
Prokaryotic
67
What’s the cellular organisation of prokaryotae?
Unicellular
68
Does prokaryotae have cell walls?
Yes Often made if peptidoglycan
69
How does prokaryotae store sugar?
As glycogen
70
How does prokaryotae reproduce?
Binary fission
71
Why does the three domain system have 6 kingdoms instead of five?
Because it splits prokaryotae into eubacteria and archaebacteria. Recognises the difference between bacteria, archaea and eukarya
72
What is phylogeny classification based on?
It’s based on evolutionary relationships between organisms and their ancestors. Reveals how closely related the organisms are to
73
What are the advantages of phylogenic classification?
-produces a continuous tree that does force organisms into specific taxonomic groups where they don’t quite fit -there is no overlap between groups produced
74
What does modern taxonomy use?
Molecular comparisons Developmental studies Anatomical explanations Behavioural analyses
75
Why is the fossil record incomplete?
-Many organisms decompose before they can fossilise -fossils took us uncommon and requires specific condition for organisms to be preserved -over time, many fossils have been lost due to erosion or geological processes -certain organisms especially those with soft bodies ate less likely to fossilise, leading to gaps in the record
76
What is comparative biochemistry?
It involves studying the molecular aspects of organisms to uncover evolutionary relationships
77
What are useful molecules to study evolutionary links?
-Cytochrome C -Ribosomal RNA -Nuclear mitochondrial or chloroplast DNA -messenger RNA -Amino acids
78
Why is cytochrome C useful for comparative biochemistry?
Cytochrome C is highly conserved protein involved in cellular respiration so slight changes can help identify evolutionary links
79
Why is rRNA a useful molecule for comparative biochemistry?
rRNA is integral to protein synthesis so it changes slowly making it useful for showing connections between species that diverged long ago
80
Why is Nuclear, mitochondrial or chloroplast DNA a useful molecule for comparative biochemistry?
Species that are more closely related will have more similar DNA sequences
81
Why is messenger RNA a useful molecule for comparative biochemistry?
Base sequences of mRNA are complementary to DNA so can assess DNA diversity
82
Why are amino acids helpful for comparative biochemistry?
Amino acids are useful because if they age closely related evolutionarily, two scores have more similar amino acid sequences because they are determined by mRNA and DNA
83
What’s the premise of the hypothesis of neutral evolution?
States that most variability in a molecules structure does not affect its function
84
Why is the hypothesis of neutral evolution useful in the study of evolution?
-‘neutral’ changes that don’t impact the execution accurate at a fairly regular rate as they are not affected by natural selection -comparing the rates of neutral substitutions in the molecular sequences of different species lets scientists estimate the time since two species diverged form a common ancestor -generally a greater number of differences indicated a more ancient divergence
85
What is variation?
Variation refers to the differences observed among indicators within any given population. Despite the bugh degree of similarity, especially in genetically identical organisms such as twins, each Indian is distinct
86
What are the genetic factors that cause variation?
-Mutations -meisosis -random fertilisation -random mating
87
What are the environmental factors that cause variation?
-light -nutrient and food availability -temperature -rain fall -soil conditions -pH
88
What are polygenes?
They are different genes at different loci that all contribute to a particular aspect of phenotype Common in continuous variation
89
What is continuous variation?
This is when there are a range of values between two extreme without distinct categories, which produce a spectrum of phenotypes -normally impacted by both genes and environment -height
90
What is discontinuous variation?
Variation with distinct categories with no intermediates -human blood types Typically caused entirely by genes
91
What typically causes discontinuous variation?
Typically discontinuous variation is entirely caused by genes
92
What is intraspecific variation?
Variation that occurs WITHIN a species -weight of a robin 16-22g
93
What is interspecific variation?
Variations that occur between different species -robins are like 22g but ostriches are 160kg
94
What are the three adaptations categories?
Anatomical Behavioural Physiological
95
What are anatomical adaptations?
Physical structures both internal and external
96
What are behavioural adaptations?
Activities and responses whether inherited or learned
97
What are physiological adaptations?
Internal biological functions
98
Is it common for adaptations to span several categories?
Yes
99
What are four examples of anatomical adaptations?
Body coverage- fur feathers scales Camouflage- blend into environment so they’re not detected Mimicry- some species imitate the silence of more dangers ones for protection Teeth- the shape of an animals teeth are adapted to its diet
100
What are some examples of behavioural adaptations?
•Defensive responses- for example playing dead or dressing to avoid detection •Courtship displays- to attract males •Seasonal actions- migration and hibernation etc
101
What an example of a learned behavioural adaptation?
Tool use Sea otters use rocks to open shells
102
What are examples of physiological adaptations?
Venom- used by snakes to immobilise prey and by plants to deter herbivores Antibiotics- provided by bacteria to outcompete rival species Water storage- desert frogs can survive over a year without a water solvency storing it
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