4.2.2 - classification and evolution

Question 1

what are the different types of variation

Answer 1

interspecific and intraspecific

Question 2

what is interspecific variation

Answer 2

the differences between different species

Question 3

what is intraspecific variation

Answer 3

the differences between individuals in the same species

Question 4

what are the different types of adaptions that organisms may have to their environment

Answer 4

anatomical, physiological and behavioural

Question 5

what are anatomical adaptions

Answer 5

structures in an organisms body that increases its chance of survival

Question 6

types of anatomical adaptions

Answer 6

• body covering - feathers, hair, scales, spines
• colour - camouflage
• teeth - adapted for the diet of the organism
• mimicry - copying another animal’s appearance to warn off predators

Question 7

what are physiological adaptions

Answer 7

processes inside an organism’s body (e.g. biochemical) that increases its chance of survival

Question 8

examples of physiological adaptions

Answer 8

• lowered temperature in hibernation
• antibiotic production
• venom production
• cacti store water

Question 9

what are the 3 domains

Answer 9

eukaryotes
eubacteria
archaea

Question 10

what are the 5 kingdoms

Answer 10

plants, animals, fungi, protists and prokaryotes

Question 11

which kingdoms belong in which domains

Answer 11

eukaryotes - plants, animals, fungi, protists
prokaryotes are split into eubacteria and archaea

Question 12

what is the order of how you classify something

Answer 12

domain
kingdom
phylum
class
order
family
genus
species

Question 13

what are the similarities between archaea and eukaryotes

Answer 13

• they have similar enzymes for synthesising RNA
• they have similar mechanisms for DNA replication

Question 14

what is convergent evolution

Answer 14

the process whereby organisms not closely related independently evolve similar traits as a result of having to adapt to similar environments

Question 15

what is the problem with convergent evolution

Answer 15

it may lead to misclassification

Question 16

how does looking at DNA help to classify organisms

Answer 16

changes in DNA are caused by mutations so if 2 species have more similarities, there has been less time for mutations to occur and they are more closely related

Question 17

what is phylogeny

Answer 17

The study of evolutionary relationships between species. It looks at how closely organisms are related

Question 18

what does monophyletic mean

Answer 18

belongs to the same phylogenetic group / evolved from the same species. Includes the most recent common ancestor of a group of organisms and all of its descendants

Question 19

what is divergent evolution

Answer 19

• homologous structure provides evidence that species evolved from a common ancestor
• species evolve from one ancestor but have different characteristics

Question 20

what is the impact of resistance for example antibiotic resistance

Answer 20

it makes it harder to treat infections and makes others riskier
it increases the mortality rate
could be expensive to treat resistant infections

Question 21

what is the behavioural adaptions of an organism mean

Answer 21

the way an organism’s behaviour increases the chance of survival

Question 22

how do you represent continuous variation on a graph

Answer 22

line graph

Question 23

how do you represent discontinuous variation on a graph

Answer 23

bar graph

Question 24

what are the stages of natural selection

Answer 24

• Genetic variation - within species
• Competition for limited resources
• Selection pressure - an external factor that affects an organism’s ability to survive
• Reproductive success or failure of the best adapted individuals
• over time the evolution of new species as the frequency of alleles change

Question 25

how is drug resistance in micro organisms caused

Answer 25

- variation is caused by mutations - there is a chance that a mutation may cause bacteria to be resistant to an antibiotic - these bacteria can reproduce with less competition so the resistant genes are passed on

Question 26

what are the consequences of drug resistance

Answer 26

- new antibiotics have to be found that the bacteria haven’t been exposed to which is expensive and time consuming - some strains of bacteria are resistant to multiple antibiotics - commonly prescribed antibiotics are becoming less effective because of the overuse of antibiotics and unnecessary use as well as large scale use in agriculture

Question 27

how can we reduce antibiotic resistance and its impacts

Answer 27

- avoiding the overuse of antibiotics - not using them for viral infections - use of antibiotics reduced and more controlled in agriculture - ensuring good hygiene practices and isolating infected patients

Question 28

how can we control pesticide resistance

Answer 28

- pesticides should be used sparingly or on rotation - using a combination of pesticides - farmers can also use other forms of pest control such as: - biological control (using a predator of the pest) - using crops that have been selectively bred or genetically modified to be pest resistant