4.4 circulation Flashcards

Question

Single and closed circulatory system in fish description:

Answer 1

Deoxygenated Blood from the body enters heart and pumped to gills where it’s oxygenated and goes to cells without returning to heart. Very inefficient as oxygen is supplied at a slow rate and low pressure. Heart only has 1 atrium and ventricle.

Answer 2

Two atria and 1 ventricle. Oxygenated and deoxygenated blood mix in ventricle. Forked aorta (blood can go either way) less efficient supply of oxygen to cells

Answer 3

Double so blood goes to heart twice for each full circuit. Blood from body enters right side of heart and is pumped to lungs where it’s oxygenated and return to left heart to be pumped to the body. Efficient

Answer 4

blood pumped to lungs for oxygenation (right side

Answer 5

Striped, adjacent muscle interconnect via plasma membranes and allow electrical excitation to pass easily. myogenic - contract on its own without stimulation High conductivity of muscle Never fatigues

Answer 6

open= pressure is higher in atria close= pressure sis higher in ventricles

Answer 7

open= pressure is higher in ventricles Close- pressure is higher in arteries

Answer 8

Atrial systole- blood returns to heart, atria fill up and higher pressure of blood pushes atrioventricular valves open. Both atria CONTRACT to force blood into ventricles. Ventricular systole- short delay.AV valves close and semi lunar valves open in both arteries. ventricles contract to push blood up and out through arteries. Diastole- atria + ventricles relax, semi lunar valves close and blood return to atria via pulmonary vein and vena cava. Increases pressure in atria

Answer 9

contraction

Answer 10

heart rate x stroke volume

Answer 11

leaves left ventricle carrying oxygenated blood to body at high pressure

Answer 12

in right atrium, cells depolarise so excitation wave spreads over the atria. So atria contract

Answer 13

purkyne tissue carries wave down septum, excitation waves spreads up walls of ventricle

Answer 14

sinoatrial node- top of right atrium near vena cava and generates electrical excitation at regular intervals so atria contract. Rhythm can be changed by hormones and nervous impulses. When atria contract excitation doesn't pass directly to ventricles as it is blocked by non conductive collagen (annulus fibrosis) AV node- between atria. Connected to purkyne fibres (conducting fibres). Detects excitation passive over atria. After short delay, AVN transmits excitation down purkyne fibres. Causing ventricles contract from apex upwards

Answer 15

only gap in the annulus fibrosus so only route for cardiac impulse transmission. Why is there a short delay for AVN Short delay to ensure that the atria are fully emptied. So atria contract before ventricles contract

Answer 16

impulses go along bundle of HIS (conducting fibres in septum). HIS divides in 2 branches and carries excitation into purkyne fibres that penetrate through ventricular muscles. Ventricles contract from base upwards to empty blood into arteries.

Answer 17

electrical activity in the heart

Answer 18

slow resting heart rate blow 60 beats per minute

Answer 19

fast heart rate above 100 bpm

Answer 20

irregular waves of electrical excitation pass over atria. So atria contract rapidly and randomly, ventricles contract less frequently.

Answer 21

extra heartbeat not part of usual rhythm followed by short pause.

Answer 22

P= excitation of atria (atrial depolarization) Q R S- excitation of ventricles (ventricular depolarization) T- diastole (ventricular repolarisation) T-P interval - filling time when ventricles relax and fill with blood

Answer 23

Thick elastic tissue- allows stretching/recoiling during high pressure Lots of smooth muscle to constrict and dilate Thick wall \Smooth endothelium- blood flow easily less friction No valves Small lumen

Answer 24

Thicker muscle walls than arteries to restrict blood flow into capillaries Thinner elastic layer in arteries Low pressure

Answer 25

carry deoxygenated blood from right ventricle to lungs

Answer 26

Thin elastic tissue- blood is low pressure Smooth muscle is thin Thin wall Smooth endothelium Valves to prevent backflow Large lumen - less resistance to blood flow

Answer 27

carry deoxygenated blood from body to right atrium

Answer 28

carry oxygenated blood from lungs back to left atrium

Answer 29

One cell thick Flat and thin Only made single of endothelium , no muscle or elastic- short diffusion distance quick diffusion of o2 out No valves Slow movement Gaps for fluid to pass through

Answer 30

Valves are closed to prevent backflow of blood from ventricles into artia Ventricles are contrcatingas they have high pressure

Answer 31

Increases acidity so denatured protein and change active site of enzymes

Answer 32

Arterioles Muscles in wall relax To widen and increased blood flow

Answer 33

Smooth muscle wall contracts Narrowing lumen

Answer 34

Small lumen high pressure Endothelium Muscle tissue contract Elastic fibres to stretch and recoil

Answer 35

- arterioles and venules.

Answer 36

Damage to blood vessel Exposed collagen-> active platelets Thromboplastin is enzyme then catalyses reaction of prothrombin-> thrombin needing vitamin k+ and Ca+. Thrombin then catalyses conversion of fibrinogen into insoluble fibrin. Fibrin acts as a mesh trapping blood cells= clot

Answer 37

Serotonin- reduces blood loss Thromboplastin- enzyme helping blood clot

Answer 38

Formed from blood. Contains water, glucose, oxygen and amino acids and bathes tissues/ cells. Transfers oxygen and glucose to tissue cells but waste molecules from these cells pass into tissue fluid then back into capillary.

Answer 39

Blood flows through capillaries as permeable . Some plasma, WBC leaks out and fills spaces between cells= tissue fluid. Has no red blood cells or plasma proteins as they are too big

Answer 40

Water potential/ oncotic pressure (tendency of water to move back into blood via osmosis)- plasma proteins have osmotic effect ( low oncotic pressure in blood -3.3 kPa) higher water potential in tissue fluid surrounding capillaries -1.3kPa. Water moves from high water potential to water potential. Moves from tissue fluid to blood Hydrostatic pressure- pressure from heartbeat forces tissue fluid through leaky capillary walls

Answer 41

tendency of water to move back into blood via osmosis

Answer 42

Arteriol end- high hydrostatic pressure forces (water, oxygen and glucose) tissue fluid out of capillary into tissue fluid, hydrostatic pressure is higher than oncotic pressure moving in.Movement of water from high water potential to low water potential . blood plasma too big so remains in capillary Venous end- large molecules stay in capillaries and lots of H20 left reducing water potential -> water potential difference. Hydrostatic pressure is less than oncotic pressure. High oncotic pressure due to plasma proteins. So water/tissue fluid returns back to capillaries. 10% water goes into lymphs.

Answer 43

Higher WP in capillaries Less WP gradient So not enough water enters capillaries via osmosis

Answer 44

High hydrostatic pressure at arteriole end Forces h20 out of the capillary Large plasma protein remain in capillary Water leaving lowers water potential so water will move back into capillary Via osmosis Excess tissue fluid enters lymph system Importance of tissue fluid Immediate environment for cells + optimum conditions Exchange of material between cells and blood

Answer 45

Fluid circulating lymphatic system. Has less oxygen and nutrients and used up in cells btu more CO2 and waste. Many lymphocytes (produced at lymph nodes) which filter bacteria by engulfing them. Protecting from infection.

Answer 46

Aorta is closer to heart, has elastic tissue so can stretch/recoil

Answer 47

Contraction of ventricles produces high hydrostatic pressure , forcing water and oxygen out of blood capillaries

Answer 48

Transports digested food products, nutrient molecules from storage to cells, excretory products and hormones. Maintains steady body temperature by transferring heat around the system. Buffer to pH changes

Answer 49

Contains hemoglobin ( red pigment that carries oxygen). Formed in bone marrow and have no nucleus (more space for O2). Transport oxygen from lungs to cells. Biconcave disc (large SA:V).

Answer 50

Much bigger than erythrocytes, formed in bone marrow and defend the body against infection. All have a nucleus and colourless cytoplasm

Answer 51

Granulocytes- e.g neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils Agranulocytes- monocytes, lymphocytes

Answer 52

leucocytes that have granules in cytoplasm that take up stains. Lobed nuclei

Answer 53

type of granulocytes in non-specific immune system, stained red, vs parasites inflammation and allergen reaction and developing immunity

Answer 54

in specific immune systems. Largest leucocytes, they can move out of blood into tissue to form macrophages which engulf pathogens via phagocytosis.

Answer 55

leucocytes don’t have granules and unlobed DNA .

Answer 56

tiny fragment of large cells called megakaryocytes, which are found in bone marrow. Involved in blood clotting

Answer 57

part of non-specific immune system. type of granulocytes that engulf and digest pathogen by phagocytosis. Multi lobed nuclei.

Answer 58

Delivers material needed by the cells Carry away waste products Carrying hormones Defence system Distributing heat Transport Defence Formation of lymph/tissue fluid.

Answer 59

hardening of arteries due to build up of plaques inside arteries.

Answer 60

yellow fatty deposits in arteries. Can restrict blood flow

Answer 61

Damage to endothelial cells in artery line up-> build up of lipids Platelets form cap over fatty plague-> narrowing Any other damage forms a clot which can block whole artery-> stroke or heart attack Lumen becomes smaller, increasing BP, less blood pumped around body

Answer 62

High blood pressure or tobacco smoke

Answer 63

Blood flows under high pressure which puts more strain on lining

Answer 64

Aneurysm- weak, bulging area of artery due to blockages/plague. Artery may split open-> internal bleeding, Raised blood pressure: due to narrowing arteries, damage other organs e.g. blood vessels near kidney which means protein may be forced into urine . or blood vessels near retina starved of oxygen can cause blind Heart disease- e.g. angina- plague builds up in coronary arteries reducing blood flow to heart, lack of oxygen so heart does anaerobic respiration. Or myocardial infarction (heart attack)- one branch of coronary artery is completely blocked by clot (called thrombosis in a vessel) so part of heart has no o2. Blood clot form via clotting cascade when arteries are damaged via high BP and becomes stiff. Stroke- interruption of blood supply to brian due to blockage (clot)

Answer 65

Smoking- chemicals in tobacco smoke damage artery lining, making plague build up more likely, narrow arteries, high Bp Exercise- exercise reduces risk as lower BP and cholesterol, reducing formation of plagues Weight- linking to type 2 diabetes Stress- releases cytokines which triggers inflammatory response in blood vessels Diet- balances of lipoproteins in blood. Low density saturated fats) bind to membranes and lead to more cholesterol. High density lipoproteins (unsaturated fat) removes cholesterol from fatty plagues reducing risk

Answer 66

Genes Age- arteries lose elasticity Gender male more likely as oestrogen reduced plague build up

Answer 67

low volume to be flatter higher surface area- faster absorption of O2 biconcave- curved haemoglobin to bind to o2

Answer 68

glucose amino acids

Answer 69

when ventricles contract, high pressure in atria because blood flows back to atria lower pressure in atria less oxygenated blood to muscles less respiration

Answer 70

less cholesterol

Answer 71

both have valves and low pressure faster flow in veins

Answer 72

AV semi lunar closed

Answer 73

stimulation generated from within (muscle) ; this results in depolarisation

Answer 74

good reduce cholesterol unsaturated

Answer 75

at base of aorta prevent backflow during atrial systole

Answer 76

diet reduced cholesterol lower BP diet should have reduced saturated fat reduces blood {cholesterol increase the amount of exercise as weight decreases idea that if the woman smoked as smoking reduced o2 uptake and increases bP

Answer 77

inflammatory response build up of cholesterol and platelets

Answer 78

relaxation of smooth muscle causes vasodilation (of the lumen) controls, blood flow to capillaries 3 pressure of blood in artery is higher ✓ as blood flows from the artery to the arteriole, the pressure falls ✓ capillary will not rupture

Answer 79

plasma proteins

Answer 80

both have veins and low pressure veins have faster flow

Answer 81

tissue fluid enters the lymphatic system) (1) * lymph returns to blood}

Answer 82

blood plasma has higher protein content as are too large to pass out * tissue fluid has less (dissolved) oxygen as it has {diffused into cells /

Answer 83

Higher salt intake leads to higher blood pressure which damages endothelium High intake or cholesterol LDL linked to plague formation

Answer 84

more { stimulation of the SAN more impulses to the SAN  (causing) more frequent waves of depolarisation from the SAN (to the atria) (1)  leading to more frequent { contraction of atria

Answer 85

higher pressure in ventricles than atria forces av valves to close and semi lunar to open so blood -> artery

Answer 86

less protein in blood plasma so less fluid enters the blood lower oncotic pressure

Answer 87

tissue fluid leaves capillary through pores as hydrostatic pressure is higher than oncotic pressure plasma proteins are too large so remain in blood

Answer 88

low metabolic rate so less oxygen mixing of blood in ventricle is not limiting blood goes to 2 exchange surfaces moist skin allows co2 to DISSOLVE

Answer 89

SAN- pacemaker impulse causes atria to contract AVN delays so atria fully empty impulse carried to purkyne fibres via bundle of his ventricles contract from apex up

4.4 circulation Flashcards

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