444) Solivetti

Question 1

Three forms of integration in the broad sense?

Answer 1

1. Social integration, represented by changes in immigrants’ conditions, measured on the basis of the positions they occupy in the economy, in
   consumption, in habitat and in education.
2. Cultural assimilation, which regards the cultural transformations connected with the process of immigration, including the immigrant’s understanding of and adaptation to the fundamental rules of the host society.
3. Political participation. Socio-economic integration and cultural assimilation, and the interaction between them, are assumed to be the main processes for the immi-
   grant’s insertion in the host society.

Question 2

First 2 of basic models for the adaptation of non-nationals to the host society?

Answer 2

1. integration cum assimilation
   > immigrants will seek to dissimulate or disguise their ethnic origin: they will take no pleasure in having others note their foreign accent, their foreign habits, in short their diversity. They will seek instead to disavow their roots and underline their dissociation from the society from whence they came.
2. cultural adaptation in a multicultural context
   > A second and more complex model, Instead of confining them to a sphere of ‘personal & private’ type, he will use them not only for his own greater security in more intimate relations, but also for the affirmation of his constructive diversity in the process of social and professional integration.

> As far as the host society is concerned, context requires a more open, tolerant and flexible attitude on the part of the indigenous population. Without renouncing their own primary and secondary values, nationals can show themselves conscious of the fact that the cultural diversity of immigrants is not necessarily antagonistic to the objective of integration, indeed may help promote it, by exploiting to the best the cultural endowments that immigrants bring with them.

Question 3

Third of basic models for the adaptation of non-nationals to the host society?

Answer 3

3. integration sine assimilation;
   > professional integration in the labor market
   > compatibility of immigrants’ professional qualifications to them
   >
   (1) when immigrants work for their compatriots in an ethnic social context within the host country (as mentioned at the beginning of this chapter);

(2) when immigrants work in large factories or building sites that employ a sizable number of their compatriots and keep the immigrant workers separated from the native population. In this model, the probabilities of deviant and criminal forms of behavior are greater than in the previous case, but not necessarily great.

Question 4

Fourth of basic models for the adaptation of non-nationals to the host society?

Answer 4

4. characterized by the combination “assimilation sine integration”
   >In this model, the decisive factors consist, on the one hand, of the socioeconomic conditions of the host country and the professional qualifications of non-nationals, both in tendency unfavorable to integration or at odds with each other; on the other hand, by the gradual detachment(постепенное отделение) of non-nationals from their own culture and their own ways of life, and by their at least partial acceptance of the model of life of the host country.

Question 5

Fifth of basic models for the adaptation of non-nationals to the host society?

Answer 5

5. combination of “non-assimilation cum non-integration”
   >It’s an emigration more easily determined by push factors of political or ideological type. Migrants abandon their country of origin, spurred by contingent push factors, but in general they have every intention of returning home one day and retain a strong
   interest in the culture and situation in their homeland.

> The probabilities of deviant forms of behavior in this situation are high; but those of specifically criminal activities are low

Question 6

Conclusion of basic models for the adaptation of non-nationals to the host society?

Answer 6

> In conclusion, it should be pointed out that none of the five models identified here is exclusive to any particular migration of the past. They are all present, in varying degrees, in all historical situations. In the current historical phase they are also to be found in all the European countries here being examined. Moreover, they are not stable, in the sense that an immigrant, in
the course of his life abroad, may pass from one model to another