(49) Liver Metabolism

Question 1

said something about differences between hepatic lipidosis in cats and fatty liver syndrome in dairy cows (this is one of the three essay question ideas)

Question 2

take a look at this

Question 3

1. What would you call this? what kind of unit?

Answer 3

1. the hepatic lobule: and Anatomic unit

Question 4

1. What would you call this? What kind of unit is it?
2. What is placed at the center?

Answer 4

1. the hepatic acinus: a Functional unit
2. the portal tract is at the center of the acinus

Question 5

1. What type of flow occurs from hepatic artery and portal vein? where does flow go?
2. What type of flow occurs from bile ducts?

Answer 5

1. centripedal flow; central vein
2. centrifugal flow

Question 6

(Major Cell Types of the Liver)

Name them (there are 8)

Hey - Calvin Klein Sells PESS

Answer 6

1. Hepatocyte
2. cholangiocytes
3. kupffer cells
4. stellate cells (Ito)
5. Pit cells (NK)
6. Endothellial cells
7. smooth muscle
8. stem cells

Question 7

(MAjor Cell Types of the Liver)

Tell me what each of these does

1. Hepatocyte
2. Chalangiocytes
3. Kupffer cells
4. Stellate Cells (Ito)
5. Pit Cells (NK)
6. Endothelial CElls
7. Smooth Muscle
8. Stem Cells

Answer 7

1. general metabolism (major cell type)
2. biliary secretion (line the biliary ductal system)
3. immunity, macrophages
4. lipid, vitamin A storage (cell that accumulates lipid first in hepatic lipidosis)
5. immune surveillance
6. antigen presentation
7. regulate blood flow
8. regeneration

Question 8

(Major Cell Types of the Liver)

(Kupffer CElls)

1. location?
2. comprises what system?
3. release alot of what?
4. activation of what?

Answer 8

1. sinusoids
2. mononuclear phagocytic system
3. inflammatory mediators
4. T-cell like receptors

Question 9

(Major Cell Types of the liver)

(Stellate CElls - formerly known as Ito)

1. location?
2. function?
3. primary source of what?

Answer 9

1. space of Disse
2. strorage of vit A and lipid
3. fibrosis

Question 10

(Hepatic Stem Cells)

1. role in what?
2. What have an important impact on stem cell stimulus and transformation?
3. progenitors to what?

Answer 10

1. regeneration
2. Human growth factor
3. hepatocytes and choangiocytes

Question 11

(Liver - Protein Metabolism)

(transamination reactions)

1-2. what two does he want us to know?

Answer 11

1. alanine + alpha ketoglutarate <–> pyruvate + glutamate

(alanine aminotransferase (ALT)) will increase with leakiness

2. aspartate + alpha ketoglutarate <–> oxaloacetate + glutamate

(asparate aminotransferase (AST))

Question 12

(Protein Metabolism - Protein Synthesis)

of thse

albumin, fibrinogen, alpha and beta globulins, clotting factors, metal binding proteins

Question 13

(Protein Metabolism - Urea Cycle Metabolism)

get an idea of this

cats need to have ornithine

if you withhold arginine from cat - it will become encephalopathic in 24 hours - that is how susceptible they are…

there are some enzyme deficincies - but they are rare

have a good grasp of the cycle

Question 14

(KNOW THOSI)

Question 15

(Liver - Lipid Metabolism)

1. synthesis of what?
2. oxidation of what?

Answer 15

1. triglyceride
2. fatty acid oxidation

Question 16

already kind of covered this

Answer 16

and this - but have a good sens of it he says

Question 17

(Liver Coagulation factors)

Question 18

(Liver Metabolism)

(Poryphrin metabolism)

1. metabolism of what?

Answer 18

1. heme - hemoglobin, myoglobin, cytochromes

Question 19

(Liver Metabolism)

(Metal Metabolism)

1-2. metabolism of what two?

Answer 19

1. iron - ferritin, hemosiderin
2. copper - ceruloplasmin, cytochromes

Question 20

(Liver metabolism)

(Vitamin metabolism)

1-2 What types?

Answer 20

1. fat soluble - ADEK
2. water soluble - B, C, folate

Question 21

(Liver metabolism)

(glutathione metabolism)

1. GSH - does what three things?

(Xenobiotic Metabolism)

oxidation, hydroxylation, glucuronidation

(hormone metabolism)

2-4. what three?

Answer 21

1. methylation, sulfuration, aminopropylation
2. mineralocorticoids (aldosterone)
3. glucocorticoids (cortisol, corticosterone)
4. sex steroids (androgens, estrogens, progesterones)

Question 22

(Function of Biliary Secretion)

1-3. What are the three functions?

Answer 22

1. bile salts –> fat digestion and absorption
2. excretory route -> metabolites and drugs
3. acid neutralization –> HCO3

(we kind of did a review of bile salts here… but this is all in the bile section)

Question 23

(Clinical Signs of Liver Disease)

I’ll give you clinical sign, give me dysfuction

1. anorexia, weight loss
2. icterus, steatorrhea
3. melena (black feces), hematuria
4. ascites (fluid accumulation in abdominal cavity)
5. polyruria, polydipsia
6. hepatoencephalopathy
7. depression, weakness
8. vomiting, diarrhea

Answer 23

1. decreased metabolism
2. biliary obstruction (retention of bile)
3. coagulopathy
4. portal hypertension
5. decreased urea cycling
6. hyperammonemia
7. hypoglycemia
8. decreased xenometabolism

(vomiting can be triggered by receptor in brainstem by shit in the circulation (humoral), also neurally, something activating neural center in gut)

Question 24

(Starvation in an Obligate Carnivore)

(Fat Mobilization and Hepatic Lipidosis)

causes vacuolization in histo

Question 25

look at this

Question 26

learn these

Question 27

look at these

Question 28

and this too... sorry

Answer 28

and this

Question 29

(Lipid Transport system in Cat) 1. what is the HDL vs LDL in cat? 2. HDLs have a great enrichment in what?

Answer 29

1. HDL fraction 5x \> than LDL fraction in the cat 2. triglycerides

Question 30

he didn't talk about this too much