5. Aggression

Question 1

Aggression

Answer 1

intent to harm outside the rules: hostile behaviour

Question 2

Assertion

Answer 2

well motivated behaviour within the rules

Question 3

Characteristics of Aggression

Answer 3

• uncontrolled
• intent to harm
• outside rules
• reactive

Question 4

Characteristics of Assertion

Answer 4

• controlled
• no intent to harm
• motivated
• within rules

Question 5

How can we explain aggression ?

Answer 5

ASIF

a = aggressive cue hypothesis
s = social learning theory
I = instinct theory
f = frustration-aggression hypothesis

Question 5

Instinct theory

Answer 5

Aggression is spontaneous and innate:

• the aggressive response is innate
• it is a product of our evolution and will surface under provocation (defending territory)
• players use sport as an outlet for built-up aggressive energy (catharsis)

Question 6

Catharsis

Answer 6

Cleansing the emotions using sport as an outlet for aggression

Question 6

Evaluation of instinct theory

Answer 6

• aggression may not be spontaneous
• aggression is pre planned/ learned
• evolution , not all aggressive
• performers In aggressive sports calmer away from the game. Through catharsis

Question 9

The Frustration-Aggression hypothesis

Answer 9

• aggression is inevitable when frustrating circumstances cause our goals to be blocked (e.g. a refs decisions , or being fouled)
• blocked goals cause frustration , frustration causes aggression , release of aggression causes catharsis if not released increased further frustration is felt

Question 10

Aggressive cue hypothesis

Answer 10

• aggression is caused by a learned trigger
• increased frustration will lead to increased arousal levels and a drive towards aggressive responses .
• aggressive responses will only occur if learned ‘cues’ are present.

Question 11

Social learning theory

Answer 11

• learning by associating with others and copying behaviour
• aggression can be copied from others , if behaviour is reinforced.
• aggression is learned from significant others or those we hold in high esteem , such as role models , our team mates or coach
• aggressive behaviour is more likely to be copied if it is consistent , powerful and bright.

Question 12

What process did Bandura suggest about how aggression is learned ?

Answer 12

observe – identify – reinforce – copy

Question 13

How to prevent aggression

Answer 13

• do not reinforce aggressive acts in training
• punish aggression with fines
• punish players by sending them off
• substitute and aggressive player or remove them from the situation
• Reinforce non-aggression , give a fair play award
• talk to players to calm them down
• use mental rehearsal or relaxation to lower arousal
• point out non-aggressive role models
• channel aggression into assertion