Physics F Tier > 5. Forces > Flashcards

5. Forces Flashcards

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1
Q

What does a scalar quantity have

A

Magnitude only

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2
Q

What does a vector quantity have

A

Magnitude and direction

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3
Q

How are arrows used to represent vectors

A

Length shows magnitude and arrow shows direction

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4
Q

What are forces

A

Vector quantities that can change the motion or shape of an object

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5
Q

How do forces arise

A

When two or more objects interact

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6
Q

What types of forces are there

A

Contact and non contact

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7
Q

Give examples of contact forces

A

Friction air resistance tension normal contact force

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8
Q

Give examples of non contact forces

A

Gravitational magnetic electrostatic

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9
Q

What is weight

A

The force acting on an object due to gravity

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10
Q

What is mass

A

The amount of matter in an object

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11
Q

What is the relationship between weight and mass

A

Weight is directly proportional to mass

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12
Q

What is the equation linking weight mass and gravitational field strength

A

W = m g

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13
Q

Units for W = m g

A

W in newtons N m in kilograms kg g in newtons per kilogram N/kg

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14
Q

What is the approximate value of g on Earth

A

9.8 N/kg

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15
Q

What is the approximate value of g on the Moon

A

1.6 N/kg

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16
Q

What equipment measures weight

A

A calibrated spring balance or Newton meter

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17
Q

What is work done

A

Energy transferred when a force moves an object through a distance

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18
Q

What is the equation for work done

A

W = F s

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19
Q

Units for W = F s

A

W in joules J F in newtons N s in metres m

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20
Q

When work is done against friction what happens

A

Energy is transferred to thermal energy stores

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21
Q

When more than one force acts on an object what can be found

A

The resultant force or vector sum

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22
Q

What is elastic deformation

A

Object returns to its original shape after forces are removed

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23
Q

What is inelastic deformation

A

Object does not return to its original shape

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24
Q

What is the relationship between force and extension for a spring within the limit of proportionality

A

F = k e

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25
Units for F = k e
F in newtons N k in newtons per metre N/m e in metres m
26
What is the limit of proportionality
The point beyond which extension is no longer directly proportional to force
27
What happens beyond the limit of proportionality
Doubling the force no longer doubles the extension
28
What is the equation for elastic potential energy
Ee = ½ k e²
29
Units for Ee = ½ k e²
Ee in joules J k in newtons per metre N/m e in metres m
30
What does spring constant indicate
How stiff a spring is higher k means stiffer spring
31
When is work done equal to energy stored in a spring
If the spring is not inelastically deformed within proportional limit
32
What is displacement
Straight line distance in a given direction from a start point
33
What is distance
The total path travelled between two points scalar
34
What is speed
How fast an object moves scalar
35
Is velocity a scalar or vector quantity
Vector includes direction
36
What is acceleration
The rate of change of velocity
37
What is the equation linking acceleration change in velocity and time
a = Δv / t
38
Units for a = Δv / t
a in metres per second squared m/s² v in metres per second m/s t in seconds s
39
How can acceleration be found from a velocity time graph
From the gradient of the graph
40
What does the area under a velocity time graph represent
Distance travelled
41
State Newtons first law
An object remains at rest or moves at constant velocity unless acted on by a resultant force
42
What happens if the resultant force is zero
Stationary objects stay still moving objects continue at constant velocity
43
What is inertia
The tendency of an object to resist a change in motion
44
State Newtons second law
The acceleration of an object is proportional to the resultant force and inversely proportional to its mass
45
What is the equation that summarises Newtons second law
F = m a
46
Units for F = m a
F in newtons N m in kilograms kg a in metres per second squared m/s²
47
What is inertial mass
A measure of how difficult it is to change the velocity of an object m = F / a
48
State Newtons third law
For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction
49
What does Newtons third law mean
If object A exerts a force on object B object B exerts an equal and opposite force on object A
50
What does stopping distance equal
Thinking distance plus braking distance
51
What factors affect thinking distance
Speed tiredness alcohol drugs distractions
52
What factors affect braking distance
Speed road and tyre condition weather brake quality
53
How does speed affect braking distance
Braking distance increases with the square of speed
54
What happens when a vehicle brakes
Work is done against friction between brakes and wheels kinetic energy is transferred to heat
55
What are the risks of very large deceleration
Overheating brakes loss of control or injury to passengers
56
Why does a faster or heavier vehicle need a greater braking force
Because it has more momentum and kinetic energy
57
What is the equation for work done by brakes
W = F s
58
Units for W = F s
W in joules J F in newtons N s in metres m
59
What is a typical human reaction time
Between 0.4 and 0.9 seconds
60
What are typical everyday speeds
Walking 1.5 m/s Running 3 m/s Cycling 6 m/s Car 25 m/s Train 30 m/s Plane 250 m/s
61
How is acceleration due to gravity denoted near Earths surface
9.8 m/s² often rounded to 10 m/s²
62
How does mass relate to weight on Earth
Each 1 kg has a weight of about 9.8 N
63
What does a free body diagram show
All the forces acting on an object including magnitude and direction
64
What is a resultant force
A single force that has the same effect as all the individual forces combined
65
What happens if resultant force is not zero
The object accelerates in the direction of the resultant force
66
What does a straight line distance time graph show
Constant speed gradient equals speed
67
What does a curve on a distance time graph indicate
Acceleration or deceleration
68
How do you find instantaneous speed from a curve
Draw a tangent and measure its gradient
69
What does the symbol ∝ mean
Proportional to
70
Why does an object moving in a circle at constant speed accelerate
Direction changes continuously so velocity changes
71
What type of force acts on an object moving in a circle
A centripetal force acting towards the centre of the circle
72
What can change the velocity of an object
A resultant unbalanced force
73
What happens when an object falls through a fluid
It accelerates at first resistive forces increase and eventually it reaches terminal velocity
74
What is terminal velocity
The steady speed reached when resistive force balances weight resultant force equals zero
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